Three‐dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite?

Wroe, Stephen; Huber, Daniel; Lowry, Michael B.; McHenry, Colin R.; Moreno, Karen; Clausen, Philip; Ferrara, Toni L.; Cunningham, Eleanor; Dean, Mason N.; Summers, Adam P.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x

Cited by 114 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…For all FEMs, segmentation was performed using MIMICS (v. 12.02) and solid modelling in STRAND7 (v. 2.3) largely following previously published protocols (McHenry et al 2007;Wroe et al 2007bWroe et al , 2008Bourke et al 2008;Clausen et al 2008;Wroe 2008). Element number and specimen data, respectively, for extant species were as follows: H. sapiens (953902, NMB 1271); P. troglodytes (1224778, USNM brick stress: VM (MPa) 15.0000 Connor et al (2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The craniomandibular mechanics of being human

et al. 2010

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Diminished bite force has been considered a defining feature of modern Homo sapiens, an interpretation inferred from the application of two-dimensional lever mechanics and the relative gracility of the human masticatory musculature and skull. This conclusion has various implications with regard to the evolution of human feeding behaviour. However, human dental anatomy suggests a capacity to withstand high loads and two-dimensional lever models greatly simplify muscle architecture, yielding less accurate results than threedimensional modelling using multiple lines of action. Here, to our knowledge, in the most comprehensive three-dimensional finite element analysis performed to date for any taxon, we ask whether the traditional view that the bite of H. sapiens is weak and the skull too gracile to sustain high bite forces is supported. We further introduce a new method for reconstructing incomplete fossil material. Our findings show that the human masticatory apparatus is highly efficient, capable of producing a relatively powerful bite using low muscle forces. Thus, relative to other members of the superfamily Hominoidea, humans can achieve relatively high bite forces, while overall stresses are reduced. Our findings resolve apparently discordant lines of evidence, i.e. the presence of teeth well adapted to sustain high loads within a lightweight cranium and mandible.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The craniomandibular mechanics of being human

et al. 2010

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“…Elasmobranch vertebrae (stiffness=26-598 MPa) are at the low end of the continuum of skeletal material properties in the cartilaginous fishes (Porter et al, 2006;Porter et al, 2007). Unmineralized jaw cartilage has a stiffness of 29-56 MPa, whereas its mineralized counterpart has a stiffness of 4050 MPa (Summers and Long, 2006;Wroe et al, 2008;Jagnandan and Huber, 2010). The dentine and enameloid of shark teeth have stiffnesses ranging from 23,000 to 28,000 MPa and from 69,000 to 76,000 MPa, respectively (Whitenack et al, 2010).…”

Section: Elasmobranch Skeletal Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of sand tiger sharkCarcharias taurusvertebrae in relation to spinal deformity

Huber

Neveu

Stinson

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYApproximately 35% of sand tiger sharks (Carcharias taurus) in public aquaria exhibit spinal deformities ranging from compressed vertebrae and loss of intervertebral space to dislocated spines with vertebral degeneration and massive spondylosis caused by excessive mineralization both within vertebrae and outside the notochordal sheath. To identify the mechanical basis of these deformities, vertebral centra from affected (N=12) and non-affected (N=9) C. taurus were subjected to axial compression tests on an MTS 858 Bionix material testing system, after which mineral content was determined. Vertebral centra from affected sharks had significantly lower mineral content and material behavior in nearly all variables characterizing elasticity, plasticity and failure. These mechanical deficiencies are correlated with size at capture, capture method, vitamin C and zinc deficiency, aquarium size and swimming behavior in public aquaria. Non-affected C. taurus had greater stiffness and toughness even though these properties are generally incompatible in mineralized structures, suggesting that the biphasic (mineralized, unmineralized phases) nature of chondrichthyan vertebrae yields material behavior not otherwise observed in vertebrate skeletons. However, vertebral centra from non-affected sharks had lower mineral content (33%), stiffness (167 MPa), yield strain (14%) and ultimate strength (16 MPa) than other species of sharks and bony vertebrates, indicating that biomechanical precautions must be taken in the husbandry of this species.

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“…insects (Dangles et al, 2006;Wu et al, 2008;Nguyen et al, 2010;Truong et al, 2012); fish (Korff & Wainwright, 2004;Herrel et al, 2005;Huber et al, 2008;Wroe et al, 2008;Huber et al, 2009;Mara et al, 2009;Habegger et al, 2010;Tran et al, 2010); rodents (Bracha et al, 2003;Sakatani & Isa, 2004;Herbin et al, 2007;Morita et al, 2008;Beare et al, 2009;Fu et al, 2009;Stefen et al, 2011); reptiles (Deban & O'Reilly, 2005;Herrel & O'Reilly, 2006;Fuller et al, 2011;Schaerlaeken et al, 2011); birds (Westneat et al, 1993;Estrella & Masero, 2007;Abourachid et al, 2011;Dawson et al, 2011;Smith et al, 2011); as well as in humans (Arampatzis et al, 1999;Yoganandan et al, 2002;Imura et al, 2008;Shan, 2008;Bakker et al, 2009;Steeve, 2010). The main topics treated are flight features, bite force analysis, cognitive functions assessments by realtime tracking, anatomical and physiological study of locomotion, evaluation of mandibular motion and muscle activity during ingestion or vocalization, the effect of food type on feeding efficiency, 3-D bones reconstruction for motion morphology assessments, among others.…”

Section: The Study Of Biomechanics and Motion Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding behaviour of broiler chickens: a review on the biomechanical characteristics

Neves

Banhazi

Nääs

2014

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic.

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Feed related costs are the main drivers of profitability of commercial poultry farms, and good nutrition is mainly responsible for the exceptional growth rate responses of current poultry species. So far, most research on the poultry feeding behaviour addresses the productivity indices and birds' physiological responses, but few studies have considered the biomechanical characteristics involved in this process. This paper aims to review biomechanical issues related to feed behaviour of domestic chickens to address some issues related to the feed used in commercial broiler chicken production, considering feed particle size, physical form and the impact of feeders during feeding. It is believed that the biomechanical evaluation might suggest a new way for feed processing to meet the natural feeding behaviour of the birds.

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Three‐dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite?

Cited by 114 publications

References 26 publications

The craniomandibular mechanics of being human

The craniomandibular mechanics of being human

Mechanical properties of sand tiger sharkCarcharias taurusvertebrae in relation to spinal deformity

Feeding behaviour of broiler chickens: a review on the biomechanical characteristics

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