Three‐dimensional cell‐laden collagen scaffolds: From biochemistry to bone bioengineering

Abstract

The bones can be viewed as both an organ and a material. As an organ, the bones give structure to the body, facilitate skeletal movement, and provide protection to internal organs. As a material, the bones consist of a hybrid organic/inorganic threedimensional (3D) matrix, composed mainly of collagen, noncollagenous proteins, and a calcium phosphate mineral phase, which is formed and regulated by the orchestrated action of a complex array of cells including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. The interactions between cells, proteins, and minerals are essential for the bone functions under physiological loading conditions, trauma, and fractures. The organization of the bone's organic and inorganic phases stands out for its mechanical and biological properties and has inspired materials research. The objective of this review is to fill the gaps between the physical and biological characteristics that must be achieved to fabricate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering with enhanced performance. We describe the organization of bone tissue highlighting the characteristics that have inspired the development of 3D cell-laden collagenous scaffolds aimed at replicating the mechanical and biological properties of bone after implantation. The role of noncollagenous macromolecules in the organization of the collagenous matrix and mineralization ability of entrapped cells has also been reviewed. Understanding the modulation of cell activity by the extracellular matrix will ultimately help to improve the biological performance of 3D cell-laden collagenous scaffolds used for bone regeneration and repair as well as for in vitro studies aimed at unravelling physiological and pathological processes occurring in the bone.

Three-Dimensional Cultivation a Valuable Tool for Modelling Canine Mammary Gland Tumour Behaviour In Vitro

“…Jakubikova et al pointed out the resistance of multiple myeloma cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, which were co-cultivated in a 3D hydrogel-based culture of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Drug/chemotherapeutic resistance of primary cultures of multiple myeloma makes it possible to study this process in vitro, test new drugs, and provide information for personalised medicine [75].…”

“…However, previous studies indicate contradictory effects of MSCs on the tumour structure. In some cases, MSCs contributed to the inhibition of tumour progression through cell cannibalism; in others, they supported its survival, chemoresistance, and invasiveness [75,161,162].…”

Glass, Ceramic, Polymeric, and Composite Scaffolds with Multiscale Porosity for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…[ 21 ] However, the finding of the presence of both macro‐ and micropores in spongy bone has inspired the development of scaffolds with multiscale porosity. [ 22–24 ] This will be the topic of our review.…”

Multimodal Nonlinear Vibrational Hyperspectral Imaging

“…6,8,9 Collagen can take the form of a variety of tissues such as cartilage, bone, blood vessels as well as different types of connective tissues because of the different subtypes and its hierarchical organization. [10][11][12] The chemical and structural dependence is so strong that misalignment due to construction or composition defects leads to a change in its physical properties such as a reduction in its flexibility corresponding with an increase in stiffness. [13][14][15] Changes in the collagens physical and chemical properties has been shown to increase cancer proliferation as well.…”