Three‐Dimensional Bioprinting Materials with Potential Application in Preprosthetic Surgery

Abstract

Current methods in handling maxillofacial defects are not robust and are highly dependent on the surgeon's skills and the inherent potential in the patients’ bodies for regenerating lost tissues. Employing custom‐designed 3D printed scaffolds that securely and effectively reconstruct the defects by using tissue engineering and regenerative medicine techniques can revolutionize preprosthetic surgeries. Various polymers, ceramics, natural and synthetic bioplastics, proteins, biomolecules, living cells, and growth factors as well as their hybrid structures can be used in 3D printing of scaffolds, which are still under development by scientists. These scaffolds not only are beneficial due to their patient‐specific design, but also may be able to prevent micromobility, make tension free soft tissue closure, and improve vascularity. In this manuscript, a review of materials employed in 3D bioprinting including bioceramics, biopolymers, composites, and metals is conducted. A discussion of the relevance of 3D bioprinting using these materials for craniofacial interventions is included as well as their potential to create analogs to craniofacial tissues, their benefits, limitations, and their application.

3D Printing Approach in Dentistry: The Future for Personalized Oral Soft Tissue Regeneration

“…Hydroxyapatite is stoichiometrically similar to the mineral phase of the natural bone ensuring biocompatibility yet has reduced mechanical resistance and a long resorption time. Calcium phosphate binds chemically to bone, it is easier to manufacture into desired shapes and resorbs faster compared to hydroxyapatite [ 106 ]. In contrast to hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate, the production of bioglass allows for an extremely versatile composition leading to a controlled resorption rate and modulation of cell migration and tissue revascularization [ 107 ].…”

“…In contrast to hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate, the production of bioglass allows for an extremely versatile composition leading to a controlled resorption rate and modulation of cell migration and tissue revascularization [ 107 ]. Organic biomaterials are polymers of natural origin such as agarose, alginate, collagen, gelatin, chitosan, fibrin, or synthetic such as polylactide (PLA), poly glycolic acid (PGA), poly-lactic- co -glycolic acid (PLGA), and polycaprolactone (PCL) [ 106 ]. Hydrogels used for soft tissue regeneration can be either curable polymers, producing mechanically solid scaffolds upon solidification, or soft, injectable hydrogels.…”

“…Hydrogels are capable of absorbing and retaining large quantities of water. They can be classified into naturally-derived hydrogels such as agarose, alginate, fibrin, collagen type I, chitosan, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, Matrigel TM , and synthetically-derived and synthetically-derived such as Pluronic ® -127, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or various methacrylated combinations including gelatin (GelMA), hyaluronic acid (HAMA), silk fibroin (SilMA), and pectin (PECMA) [ 1 , 106 , 109 , 110 ]. The bioprintability of hydrogels is governed by their rheological properties and the target bioprinting modality, and includes three bioprinting techniques: extrusion-based, droplet-based and laser-based (cell transfer or photopolymerization) [ 110 ].…”

A Review on Additive Manufacturing Techniques in Medical Applications

“…Number of researches are being carried out to find the out the most reliable, high strength and long-lasting material [14]. AM technique is nowadays used in orthopaedic and dentistry for manufacturing hierarchically structured materials which are similar to naturalbone and dental structure [15,16]. From nano to micro to macro materials can be used together to form a hierarchically structured material as bio-nanocomposite implants in AM techniques [17][18][19].…”

Extraction of Hydroxyapatite from Bovine and Human Cortical Bone by Thermal Decomposition and Effect of Gamma Radiation: A Comparative Study

“…It is not only a biocompatible, osteoconductive, osteoinductive, nontoxic, non-inflammatory and non-immunogenic agent, but also bioactive and has the ability to form a bond with the surrounding bone tissue after implantation. It has been studied to grow and develop to similar natural bone [10][11][12].…”