Three-dimensional analysis of cubitus varus deformity after supracondylar fractures of the humerus

Postoperative accuracy analysis of three-dimensional corrective osteotomy for cubitus varus deformity with a custom-made surgical guide based on computer simulation

“…29,40 The difference between the preoperative computer simulation and the postoperative result was calculated with 6 of freedom based on the local coordinate system by the Euler angle method. 20,21,33 The intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities of this evaluation technique were demonstrated to be very high, at 0.90 to 0.98 and 0.92 to 0.96, respectively, in the previous study. 33…”

“…We measured the humerus-elbow-wrist angle, which is defined by the longitudinal axis of the humerus and a line passing through the proximal and distal midpoints of the radius and ulna on anteroposterior radiographs. 31,33,34 We also measured the tilting angle, which is defined as the anterior tilt of the articular condyles with respect to the long axis of the humerus on the lateral radiographs. 33,34 For clinical evaluation, we measured the range of elbow flexion-extension by a goniometer, with the forearm in neutral position.…”

“…18,27,33 Slice thickness was 1.25 mm. We created 3D bone surface models of the bilateral humerus, radius, and ulna from digital data and evaluated the deformity and simulated preoperative planning with commercially available software (Bone Viewer and Bone Simulator; Orthree Co, Ltd, Osaka-City, Japan).…”

“…33 Moderate to severe deformities lead to unsightly appearance, limited range of elbow flexion, joint instability, and tardy nerve palsy. 1,11,16,17,24,25 To solve these problems, several methods of corrective osteotomy have been performed.…”

In Vivo Three-dimensional Motion Analysis of Chronic Radial Head Dislocations

“…2B-C). Osseous deformity also could be determined in 3D using this technique [1,23,35]. The six paths were modeled on the affected side according to the method described by Marai et al [19]; the method used to calculate the shortest ligaments takes into account that the ligament does not form a straight line from origin to insertion, but detours around bony protrusions (Fig.…”