Threatened selves and differential prejudice expression by White and Black perceivers

Shapiro, Jenessa R.; Mistler, Stephen A.; Neuberg, Steven L.

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.12.013

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Feelings about one’s self is linked to racial attitudes; ego threats increase negative racial attitudes, but affirming the self increases positive racial attitudes. Threats to the self can lead people to judge an ethnic minority job applicant more harshly, but affirming the self diminished discrimination (Fein & Spencer, 1997; Shapiro, Mistler, & Neuberg, 2010). Self-affirmed White participants report perceiving more racism in discriminatory actions (Adams, Tormala, & O’Brien, 2006) and more acceptance that White privilege exists in society (Knowles & Lowery, 2012; Knowles, Lowery, Chow, & Unzueta, 2014; Phillips & Lowery, 2015).…”

Section: Experiencing Vicarious Suppression: Two Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freedom of racist speech: Ego and expressive threats.

White

Crandall

2017

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Do claims of "free speech" provide cover for prejudice? We investigate whether this defense of racist or hate speech serves as a justification for prejudice. In a series of 8 studies (N = 1,624), we found that explicit racial prejudice is a reliable predictor of the "free speech defense" of racist expression. Participants endorsed free speech values for singing racists songs or posting racist comments on social media; people high in prejudice endorsed free speech more than people low in prejudice (meta-analytic r = .43). This endorsement was not principled-high levels of prejudice did not predict endorsement of free speech values when identical speech was directed at coworkers or the police. Participants low in explicit racial prejudice actively avoided endorsing free speech values in racialized conditions compared to nonracial conditions, but participants high in racial prejudice increased their endorsement of free speech values in racialized conditions. Three experiments failed to find evidence that defense of racist speech by the highly prejudiced was based in self-relevant or self-protective motives. Two experiments found evidence that the free speech argument protected participants' own freedom to express their attitudes; the defense of other's racist speech seems motivated more by threats to autonomy than threats to self-regard. These studies serve as an elaboration of the Justification-Suppression Model (Crandall & Eshleman, 2003) of prejudice expression. The justification of racist speech by endorsing fundamental political values can serve to buffer racial and hate speech from normative disapproval. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Section: Experiencing Vicarious Suppression: Two Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freedom of racist speech: Ego and expressive threats.

White

Crandall

2017

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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“…Research reveals that, compared to members of high‐status groups, members of low‐status groups are more likely to identify with their ingroup and discriminate against or hold less favorable attitudes toward outgroups (Bettencourt et al, ). For example, Shapiro, Mistler, and Neuberg () found that Black participants were significantly more likely to derogate and express prejudice toward high‐status infrequently stigmatized Whites than they were to low‐status, stigmatized groups.…”

Section: Ingroup Comparison and The Self‐conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ingroup Favoritism and Outgroup Derogation: Effects of News Valence, Character Race, and Recipient Race on Selective News Reading

2013

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This study examined whether the positive or negative valence of a news story, and the race of the character portrayed in the story, would influence Black or White readers' selection of a story. The study employed selective exposure methodology to unobtrusively measure story selections among Black and White readers as they browsed a news site. The results demonstrated Black newsreaders were more likely to select and read positive and negative stories featuring their racial ingroup, and more likely to select and read negative vis-à-vis positive stories about their outgroup. In contrast, Whites' story preference was not affected by story valence or character race. Theoretical assumptions from social identity, social comparison, and social cognitive theories are used to explain the findings.

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“…We now know much about dominant group members' experiences, but research conducted on, and from the perspective of, dominant majority group members does not always generalize to members of lower-status, disadvantaged minority groups (e.g., Craig & Richeson, 2016;Dovidio, Gaertner, & Saguy, 2007;Shapiro et al, 2010;Shapiro & Neuberg, 2008). It is essential for social psychological research to incorporate research participants and frameworks that better reflect the broad diversity of human social behavior, attitudes, and cognition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is in part because very little empirical research examines members of stigmatized groups as anything other than passive victims of discrimination (Shelton, 2000, 2003). Indeed, the limited research that has explored disadvantaged group members as active agents in intergroup relations reveals that the processes and outcomes that are typically found within majority group members do not always generalize to members of frequently stigmatized groups (e.g., Craig & Richeson, 2012; Shapiro, Mistler, & Neuberg, 2010; Shapiro & Neuberg, 2008). As a result, researchers continue to call for empirical work to fill this gap in the intergroup relations literature—to treat members of disadvantaged groups as active participants in intergroup relations (Craig & Richeson, 2016; Major & Vick, 2005; Richeson & Craig, 2011; Shelton, 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Solidarity through shared disadvantage: Highlighting shared experiences of discrimination improves relations between stigmatized groups.

Cortland

Craig

Shapiro

et al. 2017

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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160

174

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Intergroup relations research has largely focused on relations between members of dominant groups and members of disadvantaged groups. The small body of work examining intraminority intergroup relations, or relations between members of different disadvantaged groups, reveals that salient experiences of ingroup discrimination promote positive relations between groups that share a dimension of identity (e.g., 2 different racial minority groups) and negative relations between groups that do not share a dimension of identity (e.g., a racial minority group and a sexual minority group). In the present work, we propose that shared experiences of discrimination between groups that do not share an identity dimension can be used as a lever to facilitate positive intraminority intergroup relations. Five experiments examining relations among 4 different disadvantaged groups supported this hypothesis. Both blatant (Experiments 1 and 3) and subtle (Experiments 2, 3, and 4) connections to shared experiences of discrimination, or inducing a similarity-seeking mindset in the context of discrimination faced by one's ingroup (Experiment 5), increased support for policies benefiting the outgroup (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) and reduced intergroup bias (Experiments 3, 4, and 5). Taken together, these experiments provide converging evidence that highlighting shared experiences of discrimination can improve intergroup outcomes between stigmatized groups across dimensions of social identity. Implications of these findings for intraminority intergroup relations are discussed.

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Threatened selves and differential prejudice expression by White and Black perceivers

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Freedom of racist speech: Ego and expressive threats.

Freedom of racist speech: Ego and expressive threats.

Ingroup Favoritism and Outgroup Derogation: Effects of News Valence, Character Race, and Recipient Race on Selective News Reading

Solidarity through shared disadvantage: Highlighting shared experiences of discrimination improves relations between stigmatized groups.

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