Thoughts about Actions: The Effects of Specificity and Availability of Imagined Behavioral Scripts on Expectations about Oneself and Others

Anderson, Craig A.; Godfrey, Sandra S.

doi:10.1521/soco.1987.5.3.238

Cited by 73 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Subsequently, when the individual is asked to make a judgment about intention, or perform the behavior, the script will be available for use (Anderson, 1983;Anderson & Godfrey, 1987; see also Carroll, 1978). These ideas are based on the availability heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973), which describes the ease with which one can "bring to mind" a psychological concept, whether it be an event, issue, person or object (Sherman & Anderson, 1987).…”

Section: Cognitive Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Imagined Contact Hypothesis

Crisp

Turner²

2012

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

131

162

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Imagined intergroup contact (Crisp & Turner, 2009) is a new indirect contact strategy for promoting tolerance and more positive intergroup relations. Research has shown that mentally simulating a positive interaction with an outgroup member can elicit more favorable explicit and implicit outgroup attitudes, less stereotyping, and enhance intentions to engage in future contact.This review documents the range of benefits that accrue from imagined contact, the processes through which it operates, and the conditions that limit or enhance its effectiveness. Studies have shown when, how and why imagining contact reduces prejudice against a range of different target groups, and how it can be integrated with existing contact-based approaches to provide maximally effective strategies for improving intergroup relations. The approach is not without its critics, and this review addresses the controversies and debates stimulated by imagined contact theory and research. The review concludes with a discussion of the value that imagery techniques can bring to implementations of contact theory, and how the approach offers a new, flexible and effective tool for practitioners and policy makers in their efforts to promote, encourage and enhance more harmonious intergroup relations.

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Section: Cognitive Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Imagined Contact Hypothesis

Crisp

Turner²

2012

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

131

162

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“…Among the most important mechanisms for short-term effects are (1) associative priming of existing aggressive beliefs, well-encoded scripts, and angry emotional reactions [Berkowitz, 1993], (2) emotional arousal upon observation of violence and excitation transfer [Zillmann, 1978], and (3) simple mimicry of aggressive scripts [Huesmann and Kirwil, 2007]. Long-term effects are most prominently considered to be a consequence of (1) observational learning of new social scripts [Huesmann, 1988], (2) development of beliefs supporting aggression or hostile schemas that accompany expectations in social interactions [Anderson and Godfrey, 1987;Huesmann and Kirwil, 2007], as well as (3) conditioning of aggression-promoting emotions [Bushman and Huesmann, 2006]. Long-term emotional desensitization to violent scenes may also occur .…”

Section: The Media Violence Exposure-aggression Linkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of violent and nonviolent computer games on implicit measures of aggressiveness

Bluemke

Friedrich

Zumbach

2009

Aggressive Behavior

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We examined the causal relationship between playing violent video games and increases in aggressiveness by using implicit measures of aggressiveness, which have become important for accurately predicting impulsive behavioral tendencies. Ninety-six adults were randomly assigned to play one of three versions of a computer game that differed only with regard to game content (violent, peaceful, or abstract game), or to work on a reading task. In the games the environmental context, mouse gestures, and physiological arousal-as indicated by heart rate and skin conductance-were kept constant. In the violent game soldiers had to be shot, in the peaceful game sunflowers had to be watered, and the abstract game simply required clicking colored triangles. Five minutes of play did not alter trait aggressiveness, yet an Implicit Association Test detected a change in implicit aggressive self-concept. Playing a violent game produced a significant increase in implicit aggressive self-concept relative to playing a peaceful game. The well-controlled study closes a gap in the research on the causality of the link between violence exposure in computer games and aggressiveness with specific regard to implicit measures. We discuss the significance of importing recent social-cognitive theory into aggression research and stress the need for further development of aggression-related implicit measures.

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“…Availability of such scripts decreases the likelihood of problematic behaviour (Anderson, 1983;Anderson & Godfrey, 1987).…”

Section: A Model For Therapeutic Use Of Self-verbalisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Treatment Through Positive Self-Verbalization: A Multiple Case Study

Lange

Richard

Kiestra³

et al. 1997

Behav. Cogn. Psychother.

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Cognitive treatment through positive self-verbalization, a multiple case study Lange, A.; Richard, R.; Kiestra, J.; van Oostendorp, E. General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. ________________________________________________________________This article deals with the modification of self-statements as a specific strategy in cognitive therapy. After discussing theoretical and empirical backgrounds, a method is described in which patients modify their self-talk by reading aloud positive self-statements that are incompatible with original self-deprecatory thoughts. Next, several cases are presented that illustrate the manner in which this intervention can be integrated in the treatment of anxiety disorders, eating disorders and psychosomatic pain disorders. In all cases, positive self-verbalisation was combined with other elements of cognitive and behavioural interventions. In the discussion, the indications for using this intervention are considered and compared to other cognitive strategies.___________________________________________________________________________

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Thoughts about Actions: The Effects of Specificity and Availability of Imagined Behavioral Scripts on Expectations about Oneself and Others

Cited by 73 publications

References 24 publications

The Imagined Contact Hypothesis

The Imagined Contact Hypothesis

The influence of violent and nonviolent computer games on implicit measures of aggressiveness

Cognitive Treatment Through Positive Self-Verbalization: A Multiple Case Study

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