“…There are case reports of injuries sustained directly from the darts, such as ocular, skull, or genital penetration (21,22). Other case reports of spinal compression fractures, presumably from intense muscle contractions of the back musculature in subjects with osteopenia, have been documented (23,24). There are no studies demonstrating the effects on pregnant women, so physicians will need to make clinical decisions on the need for fetal assessment and monitoring based on the type of CEW use, location, and patient presentation.…”