Third-hand smoke exposure is associated with abnormal serum melatonin level via hypomethylation of CYP1A2 promoter: Evidence from human and animal studies

Jing

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

et al. 2021

Mastitis is a common disease in the dairy industry that causes huge economic losses worldwide. Exosomes (carrying proteins, miRNA, lncRNA, etc.) play a vital role in the regulation of immune response. lncRNA can play a variety of regulatory roles by combining with protein, RNA, and DNA. The expression of mRNA and lncRNA in exosomes derived from bovine mammary epithelial cells infected by S. aureus is rarely understood. To explore this issue, RNA sequencing analysis was performed on exosomes derived from S. aureus-infected and noninfected MAC-T cells. Analysis of the sequencing results showed that there were 186 differentially expressed genes, 431 differentially expressed mRNAs and 19 differentially expressed lncRNAs in the exosomes derived from S. aureus-infected and noninfected MAC-T cells. By predicting lncRNA target genes, it was found that 19 differentially expressed lncRNAs all acted on multiple mRNAs in cis and trans. GO analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes and lncRNA target genes played significant roles in such metabolism (reactive oxygen species metabolic processes), transmembrane transport, cellular response to DNA damage stimulus, and response to cytokines. KEGG enrichment indicated that lncRNA target genes gathered in the TNF pathway, Notch pathway, MAPK pathway, NF-kappa B pathway, Hippo pathway, p53 pathway, reactive oxygen species metabolic processes, and longevity regulating pathway. In summary, all data indicated that differentially expressed gene, mRNA, and lncRNA in transcriptional profiling of exosomes participated in bacterial invasion and adhesion, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis-related signaling pathway. The data obtained in this study would provide valuable resource for understanding the lncRNA information in exosomes derived from dairy cow mammary epithelial cells and conduced to the study of S. aureus infection in dairy cow mammary glands.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional Profiling of Exosomes Derived from Staphylococcus aureus‐Infected Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line MAC‐T by RNA‐Seq Analysis

Jing

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

et al. 2021

Environ and Mol Mutagen

“…Smoking was one of well‐known risk factors. Studies showed that smoking led to CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP11B2, CYP1B1 and PARβ methylation alteration (Al Koudsi et al, 2010; Gu et al, 2016; Jiang et al, 2021; Jin et al, 2010; Peng et al, 2014; Reddy et al, 2021; Witt et al, 2018; Xu et al, 2021). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one kind of carcinogens of cigarette, were metabolized by phase I (e.g., CYP1A1) and detoxified by phase II (e.g., GSTM1) before targeting DNA (Adonis et al, 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of individual factors on DNA methylation of drug metabolism genes: A systematic review

Bian

Zhao

et al. 2023

Individual differences in drug response have always existed in clinical treatment. Many non‐genetic factors show non‐negligible impacts on personalized medicine. Emerging studies have demonstrated epigenetic could connect non‐genetic factors and individual treatment differences. We used systematic retrieval methods and reviewed studies that showed individual factors' impact on DNA methylation of drug metabolism genes. In total, 68 studies were included, and half(n = 36) were cohort studies. Six aspects of individual factors were summarized from the perspective of personalized medicine: parental exposure, environmental pollutants exposure, obesity and diet, drugs, gender and others. The most research (n = 11) focused on ABCG1 methylation. The majority of studies showed non‐genetic factors could result in a significant DNA methylation alteration in drug metabolism genes, which subsequently affects the pharmacokinetic processes. However, the underlying mechanism remained unknown. Finally, some viewpoints were presented for future research.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

“…Clinical research demonstrating the potential for health-related harm to children is growing. 27 55 56 57 58 59 60 For infants cared for or visited by individuals who smoke, limiting THS exposure from caregivers' hands to infants' skin through increased glove use and/or frequent and rigorous HW are potential paths to mitigate this exposure route. Limiting THS exposure may help reduce alterations in the immune system 59 and gut microbiome 27 for preterm and other vulnerable infants and children in hospital settings exposed to nicotine early in life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Handwashing Results in Incomplete Nicotine Removal from Fingers of Individuals who Smoke: A Randomized Controlled Experiment

et al. 2021

Objective: Tobacco residue, also known as third-hand smoke (THS), contains toxicants and lingers in dust and on surfaces and clothes. THS also remains on hands of individuals who smoke, with potential transfer to infants during visitation while infants are hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), raising concerns (e.g., hindered respiratory development) for vulnerable infants. Previously unexplored, this study tested handwashing (HW) and sanitization efficacy for finger-nicotine removal in a sample of adults who smoked and were visiting infants in an NICU. Study Design: A cross-sectional sample was recruited to complete an interview, carbon monoxide breath samples, and three nicotine wipes of separate fingers (thumb, index, and middle). Eligible participants (n = 14) reported current smoking (verified with breath samples) and were randomly assigned to 30 seconds of HW (n = 7) or alcohol-based sanitization (n = 7), with the order of finger wipes both counterbalanced and randomly assigned. After randomization, the first finger was wiped for nicotine. Participants then washed or sanitized their hands and finger two was wiped 5 minutes later. An interview assessing tobacco/nicotine use and exposure was then administered, followed by a second breath sample and the final finger wipe (40–60 minutes after washing/sanitizing). Results: Generalized linear mixed models found that HW was more effective than sanitizer for nicotine removal but failed to completely remove nicotine. Conclusions: Without proper protections (e.g., wearing gloves and gowns), NICU visitors who smoke may inadvertently expose infants to THS. Research on cleaning protocols are needed to protect vulnerable medical populations from THS and associated risks. Key Points