Third body formation on brake pads and rotors

Overview of disc brakes and related phenomena - a review

“…Due to different wear mechanisms, particles of varying sizes detach from pad and disc surfaces which are crushed and milled down to smaller particles while they are trapped between the contact surfaces [43,56]. The mixing of these particles and oxidation creates a new type of material called the third body [57]. Hard particles retain their original size whereas soft particles are milled together and finally end up with a very small grain size [38].…”

“…These layers are attached to the surfaces of both disc and friction material [57,60]. Unfortunately, there is no consensus among the authors concerning the nomenclature of third body at the interface.…”

“…Third body layers prevent direct contact between the friction partners and reduces wear [66,42]. A transfer film can fill grooves and wear troughs and make disc surface smoother [57]. A uniform transfer film results in a relatively stable friction behavior at elevated temperatures [42].…”

Characteristic Evaluation of Brake Block Material

“…Furthermore, the presence of graphite flakes in the microstructure of the grey cast iron caused a fracture in the ferrite phase, thereby generating wear debris [20]. Meanwhile, the composite specimens (C-CBB and P-CBB) had a low specific wear because they contained graphite as a solid lubricant that promoted the stabilization of the coefficient of friction and the minimization of wear through the friction layers [22]. Figure 10 shows the worn surface of C-CBB.…”

The potentional application of artificial intelligence in motor vehicles braking system performance

“…U [10] je pokazano da se između inicijalnih kontaktnih površina diska i disk pločice tokom kočenja razvijaju novi slojevi čiji su sastav i osobine potpuno nepredvidivi i rezultat su većeg broja mehaničkih i hemijskih procesa. Formiranje frikcionog sloja ili trećeg tela u velikoj meri može da utiče na performanse kočnice [10,111]. Način sabijanja produkata istrošenja u kontaktu frikcionog para tokom kočenja igra glavnu ulogu u formiranju posebnog frikcionog sloja ili filma između površina u kontaktu.…”