“…The application of hydrogel-integrated CCA for the determination of analyte concentration through its effect on the swelling state, and determined based on diffraction from the CCA part, can be grouped into the size of the analyte, e.g., ions, molecules, and macromolecules. CCA embedded in hydrogels for the detection of ions includes, e.g., Pb 2+ [ 140 , 141 , 142 ], Hg 2+ [ 142 , 143 ], and Cd 2+ [ 144 ], which are all examples motivated by the need for the detection of toxic concentrations of heavy metal ions. In addition to the CCA part facilitating the readout process, the hydrogel constructs also need to include recognition moieties with high selectivity and sensitivity to support detection in an interesting analyte concentration range.…”