Thin fly ash/ ladle furnace slag geopolymer: Effect of elevated temperature exposure on flexural properties and morphological characteristics

Yong-Sing, Ng; Yun-Ming, Liew; Cheng-Yong, Heah; Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri; Pakawanit, Phakkhananan; Chan, Lynette Wei Ling; Hui-Teng, Ng; Shee-Ween, Ong; Wan-En, Ooi; Yong-Jie, Hang

doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.02.201

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…was that the main band of the raw MTs (979.6 cm −1 in Figure 5) shifted to a lower wavenumber of ~970.1 cm −1 after the geopolymerization reaction. According to Yong-Sing et al [18], this observation indicated the development of amorphous aluminosilicate gel phases, which are expected products of the geopolymerization process [18,35]. As the concentration of FAc increased, absorption bands at 777.1 cm −1 and 690.3 cm −1 disappeared.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The most distinctive difference between the raw materials (raw MTs and FAc) and the geopolymerized systems was that the main band of the raw MTs (979.6 cm −1 in Figure 5 ) shifted to a lower wavenumber of ~970.1 cm −1 after the geopolymerization reaction. According to Yong-Sing et al [ 18 ], this observation indicated the development of amorphous aluminosilicate gel phases, which are expected products of the geopolymerization process [ 18 , 35 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the fly ash used in this study (provided by Holcim in Denver, Colorado, US.) contained about 24 wt.% calcium oxide, and, thus, was classified as Class C, according to ASTM C618-19 [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the Class C Fly Ash on Low-Reactive Gold Mine Tailing Geopolymers

et al. 2022

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Beneficiation of industrial wastes, such as mine tailings (MTs), through development of alternative eco-friendly geopolymer binders for construction composites offers a twofold environmental benefit, as it reduces the demand for cement and it increases the sustainability of industrial processes by creating a value-added product from an industrial byproduct. While MTs have the requisite composition for use as a geopolymer precursor, they are often low-reactive. This study explored the effect of Class C Fly Ash (FAc) on the geopolymerization of low-reactive gold MTs. A 10 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was used as the alkaline activator with four different concentrations of FAc (5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.%). The results indicated that the combination of FAc with the low-reactive gold MTs improved the physicochemical stability of the final geopolymerized samples, with a 95–120% increase in compressive strength, compared to the geopolymer samples of only low-reactive gold MTs. Although some of the strength improvement could be attributed to geopolymerization of the FAc itself, the presence of the FAc also improved the reactivity of the MTs, increasing the geopolymer production of the MTs. This study documents the positive effects of the FAc on gold MTs with low-calcium content and their conversion into sustainable inorganic composite geopolymers for the construction field.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the Class C Fly Ash on Low-Reactive Gold Mine Tailing Geopolymers

et al. 2022

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“…For instance, more complex crystalline phases were formed in blended geopolymers at high temperatures, which was beneficial to the high-strength development. Indeed, our previous published work, [16], also demonstrated that FA/LFS-blended geopolymers had better flexural and thermal performance than FA geopolymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Approximately 80-85% of reduction in flexural strength was observed in geopolymer mortar and concrete at high temperatures beyond 800 °C. The excellent strength retention of high temperatureheated thin geopolymers might be associated with the thickness of merely 10 mm, which contributed to more uniform heating and consequently led to a higher degree of crystallization and vapor pressure dissipation [16]. Furthermore, the inclusion of LFS as precursors yielded the formation of more complex crystalline phases [15].…”

Section: Elevated Temperature Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Improvements of Flexural Properties and Thermal Performance in Thin Geopolymer Based on Fly Ash and Ladle Furnace Slag Using Borax Decahydrates

et al. 2022

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This paper elucidates the influence of borax decahydrate addition on the flexural and thermal properties of 10 mm thin fly ash/ladle furnace slag (FAS) geopolymers. The borax decahydrate (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.%) was incorporated to produce FAB geopolymers. Heat treatment was applied with temperature ranges of 300 °C, 600 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C. Unexposed FAB geopolymers experienced a drop in strength due to a looser matrix with higher porosity. However, borax decahydrate inclusion significantly enhanced the flexural performance of thin geopolymers after heating. FAB2 and FAB8 geopolymers reported higher flexural strength of 26.5 MPa and 47.8 MPa, respectively, at 1000 °C as compared to FAS geopolymers (24.1 MPa at 1100 °C). The molten B2O3 provided an adhesive medium to assemble the aluminosilicates, improving the interparticle connectivity which led to a drastic strength increment. Moreover, the borax addition reduced the glass transition temperature, forming more refractory crystalline phases at lower temperatures. This induced a significant strength increment in FAB geopolymers with a factor of 3.6 for FAB8 at 900 °C, and 4.0 factor for FAB2 at 1000 °C, respectively. Comparatively, FAS geopolymers only achieved 3.1 factor in strength increment at 1100 °C. This proved that borax decahydrate could be utilized in the high strength development of thin geopolymers.

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