Thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane development and scale up at CSMCRI, Bhavnagar

Synchrotron SAXS to probe cross-linked network of polyamide ‘reverse osmosis’ and ‘nanofiltration’ membranes

“…Therefore the film characteristics depend on the total number of monomers participated in the reaction which are determined by monomer concentration and solution volume. The starting reactant concentrations used in the study are within the typical concentration ranges used for preparation of the standard RO and NF membranes [25][26][27]. As given in Table 1, the RO samples RO111, RO112 and RO113 had the same aqueous m-phenylene diamine solution concentration but different trimesoyl chloride concentration of the n-hexane solution while RO111, RO121 and RO131 had same trimesoyl chloride concentration but different m-phenylene diamine concentration.…”

Formation and characterization of (melamine–TMC) based thin film composite NF membranes for improved thermal and chlorine resistances

“…[4,18]. Reaction time is one of the most important factors which affect the permeability and rejection performance of the composite membrane.…”

“…Melamine with triazine ring structure showed low toxicity and low reactivity compared with phenylene diamine because of the difference of the chemical structure of the ring [18]. Melamine is often combined with formaldehyde to produce melamine resin, which is a very durable thermosetting plastic for the thermal resistance of triazine ring structure [19].…”

Comparative life cycle assessment of end-of-life options for reverse osmosis membranes

“…The total membrane sheet production process includes two casting and curing phases [33]. Water, which is used in both casting stages for precipitation and washing, is estimated based on available literature and existing knowledge on membrane casting to be recirculated at a rate of 20 L per module [31,34]. Energy use from the heating and machine operation has been estimated based on Ecoinvent data on similar material manufacturing.…”