“…Following amplifier stages try to maintain the beam quality of their seed's often specified as "diffraction-limited" when the beam propagation ratio, or M 2 parameter, 20 is smaller than ∼ 1.3. 4,21,22 Determining the "quality" 23 of the laser source from a standardized M 2 -measurement procedure, see ISO 11146-1/2/3 20 ensures the comparability of beam qualities of different laser architectures. 24,25 Comparability, on the other hand, comes at the expense of describing a complex optical field with a few representative parameters only (M 2 factor, intrinsic astigmatism and twist parameter).…”