“…4 ). Increasing in the Young phase, this group included the Bacillales species: Bacillus borbori , Bacillus coagulans , Brevibacillus thermoruber , Brevibacillus borstelens is, Cohnella panacarvi , Ureibacillus terrenus , Thermobacillus composti , as well as four Paenibacillus and three Geobacillus species ( Ali, Hemeda & Abdelaliem, 2019 ; Makky, 2009 ; Odeniyi, Onilude & Ayodele, 2009 ; Ting et al, 2013 ; Togo et al, 2016 ; Wang et al, 2013 ; Watanabe et al, 2007 ; Zainudin et al, 2013 ), while increases from Young to Middle phase were limited to the species Clostridium colicanis , Gracilibacter thermotolerans and Ruminiclostridium thermocellum from Clostridiales, and Thermomonospora curvata and Thermomonospora chromogena from Streptosporangiales ( File S2 ) ( Chertkov et al, 2011 ; Greetham et al, 2003 ; Sheng et al, 2016 ; Wu et al, 2018 ). Within the plant cell wall matrix, cellulose is recalcitrant to deconstruction and requires the sequential action of enzymes (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases and β-glucosidases) for glucose liberation ( Béguin & Aubert, 1994 ), which are characterized by higher efficiency under thermophilic conditions ( Tuomela et al, 2000 ).…”