Nanomaterials are defined as engineered materials with at least one dimension in the range of 1-100 nm. Particles of "nano" size have been shown to exhibit enhanced and novel properties including reactivity, greater sensing capability, and increased mechanical strength. The nanotechnique offers simple, clean, fast, efficient, and economic method for the synthesis of a variety of organic molecules, which has to provide the momentum for many chemists to switch from traditional method. To optimize the utilization of thermal conversion systems, it is essential to integrate them with thermal energy storage. In addition, study of the thermal properties of nanostructure materials against important grain growth is both scientific and technological interest. A sharp increase in grain size during consolidation of nanocrystalline powders to obtain full dense material may consequently result in the loss of some unique properties of nanocrystalline materials. The present review paper is aimed at understanding the thermal properties and its applications of nanostructure materials.