“…In addition, its high absorption coef-cient (>10 4 cm −1 ) and theoretically limited power conversion efficiency of 32.2% make it appropriate for optoelectronic uses. 12,13 Despite being a relatively new material with a direct optical tunable bandgap of 1.52 eV, 14 CZTS is a signicant chalcogenide p-type semiconducting material that exists naturally. Meanwhile, CZTS as an absorbing material provides signicant contributions through the next-generation solar cells.…”