Thermoelectric Generator: Materials and Applications in Wearable Health Monitoring Sensors and Internet of Things Devices

Hasan, Md. Nazibul; Nafea, Marwan; Nayan, Nafarizal; Ali, Mohamed Sultan Mohamed

doi:10.1002/admt.202101203

Cited by 57 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 209 publications

(321 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, thermo-electric sensors could be applied to a wide range of fields. Commonly used thermo-electric materials are Bi 2 Te 3based inorganic materials and their alloys, and some novel thermo-electric materials have been explored in recent years, such as a nanocomposite developed by Madavali et al, the spark plasma sintered Na-doped PbTe:SrTe, the p-type PEDOT doped with PSS and so on [81].…”

Section: Thermo-electric Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Multi-Functional Sensing Technology for Healthcare Smart Detection

Deng

Wen

et al. 2022

Micromachines

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In recent years, considerable research efforts have been devoted to the development of wearable multi-functional sensing technology to fulfill the requirements of healthcare smart detection, and much progress has been achieved. Due to the appealing characteristics of flexibility, stretchability and long-term stability, the sensors have been used in a wide range of applications, such as respiration monitoring, pulse wave detection, gait pattern analysis, etc. Wearable sensors based on single mechanisms are usually capable of sensing only one physiological or motion signal. In order to measure, record and analyze comprehensive physical conditions, it is indispensable to explore the wearable sensors based on hybrid mechanisms and realize the integration of multiple smart functions. Herein, we have summarized various working mechanisms (resistive, capacitive, triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermo-electric, pyroelectric) and hybrid mechanisms that are incorporated into wearable sensors. More importantly, to make wearable sensors work persistently, it is meaningful to combine flexible power units and wearable sensors and form a self-powered system. This article also emphasizes the utility of self-powered wearable sensors from the perspective of mechanisms, and gives applications. Furthermore, we discuss the emerging materials and structures that are applied to achieve high sensitivity. In the end, we present perspectives on the outlooks of wearable multi-functional sensing technology.

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Section: Thermo-electric Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Multi-Functional Sensing Technology for Healthcare Smart Detection

Deng

Wen

et al. 2022

Micromachines

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“…Moreover, the power density ( P d ) of a TEG is a function of P max and A TEG and can be defined as follows 4 :

P_{d} = \frac{P_{m}}{A_{TEG}} = \frac{N_{italicTE}^{2} (S^{2} Δ T^{2})}{4 R_{italicin} A_{italicTEG}}

Figure 6C,D shows the graph for P max and P d of the TEG with five pairs of p ‐type PEDOT:PSS and n ‐type SWCNT film‐based thermoelements at the matched load condition, respectively, which was determined by varying the Δ T . The higher Δ T contributes to the higher P max values of the TEG by up to 0.003 μW at 10°C and 0.21 μW at 80°C, respectively, while the generator provided the P d values of 0.005 μWcm −2 and 0.35 μWcm −2 at 10°C and 80°C, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable thermoelectric generator with vertically aligned PEDOT:PSS and carbon nanotubes thermoelements for energy harvesting

Hasan

Asri

Saleh

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) facilitate maintenance‐free sustainable energy transduction, making them attractive and feasible options for self‐powered wearable electronics. Nonetheless, their energy‐conversion process suffers from inadequate design and rigidity owing to the use of brittle inorganic materials, making them inapt for wearable applications. Thus, the development of a TEG made of flexible materials with high deformability is required. In this study, a novel wearable TEG was designed and fabricated with vertically aligned p‐type PEDOT:PSS and n‐type SWCNT film‐based thermoelements. Finite element analysis was used to optimize the thermoelement length, which was essential for enhancing the overall TEG output performance. This study also examined the effects of acid‐based post‐treatment and polyethylenimine concentration on the thermoelectric properties of PEDOT:PSS and SWCNT films, respectively. As a proof of concept, the proposed TEG, composed of five pairs of thermoelements, generated an open‐circuit voltage of 1.75 mV while produced a maximum power and a power density of ~6.1 nW and 10.17 nWcm−2, respectively, at a ΔT of 11.24°C by harvesting energy from the wrist. The proposed design represents a significant step toward developing a next‐generation flexible organic TEG that can pave the way for self‐powered wearable electronics in a sustainable manner utilizing body heat.

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“…In comparison with piezoelectric and triboelectric generators, thermoelectric harvesters are much larger (around tens of square centimetres) but the power densities achieved are lower (up to 200 mW m –2 ) 188 . Major challenges in the development of highly stable wearable thermoelectric generators include low energy conversion rates, biocompatibility issues, maintaining reliable contact with the heat source and adjusting to body heat temperature changes in different environments 189 .…”

Section: Assembling Wearable Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

End-to-end design of wearable sensors

et al. 2022

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Wearable devices provide an alternative pathway to clinical diagnostics by exploiting various physical, chemical and biological sensors to mine physiological (biophysical and/or biochemical) information in real time (preferably, continuously) and in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner. These sensors can be worn in the form of glasses, jewellery, face masks, wristwatches, fitness bands, tattoo-like devices, bandages or other patches, and textiles. Wearables such as smartwatches have already proved their capability for the early detection and monitoring of the progression and treatment of various diseases, such as COVID-19 and Parkinson disease, through biophysical signals. Next-generation wearable sensors that enable the multimodal and/or multiplexed measurement of physical parameters and biochemical markers in real time and continuously could be a transformative technology for diagnostics, allowing for high-resolution and time-resolved historical recording of the health status of an individual. In this Review, we examine the building blocks of such wearable sensors, including the substrate materials, sensing mechanisms, power modules and decision-making units, by reflecting on the recent developments in the materials, engineering and data science of these components. Finally, we synthesize current trends in the field to provide predictions for the future trajectory of wearable sensors.

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Thermoelectric Generator: Materials and Applications in Wearable Health Monitoring Sensors and Internet of Things Devices

Cited by 57 publications

References 209 publications

Wearable Multi-Functional Sensing Technology for Healthcare Smart Detection

Wearable Multi-Functional Sensing Technology for Healthcare Smart Detection

Wearable thermoelectric generator with vertically aligned PEDOT:PSS and carbon nanotubes thermoelements for energy harvesting

End-to-end design of wearable sensors

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