Thermodynamic, Electrochemical and Synthetic Studies of the Graphite- Fluorine Compounds CF and C4F

Wood, James L.; Valerga, Antone J.; Badachhape, R. B.; Margrave, John L.

doi:10.21236/ad0755934

Cited by 8 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Graphite fluoride has the chemical formula CF x with 0 < x ≤ (1 + δ). When fully fluorinated (x ∼ 1), CF x cathodes exhibit one of the highest theoertical specific capacities (864 mAh/g) among cathode materials, 1 and they have been commercialized as primary lithium battery cells. 2,3 CF x is typically synthesized by enforcing chemical reactions between F 2 gas and graphite or other forms of conductive carbon at elevated temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…x (1) where "(s)" denotes the solid state. Using thermodynamic data and eq 1, the average theoretical voltage is estimated at 4.57 V at x = 1; it is even higher at smaller x, reaching 5.07 V at x = 0.7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using thermodynamic data and eq 1, the average theoretical voltage is estimated at 4.57 V at x = 1; it is even higher at smaller x, reaching 5.07 V at x = 0.7. 1 In practice, the usable energy density is significantly lower than expected from thermodynamics. Li/CF x batteries discharge at a plateau voltage of < ∼2.5 V at rates of 0.05 C or less (Figure 2a,c,d).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Edge-Propagation Discharge Mechanism in CF_x Batteries—A First-Principles and Experimental Study

Leung

Schorr

Mayer³

et al. 2021

Chem. Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Graphite fluoride (CF x ) cathodes coupled with lithium anodes yield one of the highest theoretical specific capacities (>860 mAh/g) among primary batteries. In practice, the observed discharge voltage (∼2.5 V) is significantly lower than thermodynamic limits (>4.5 V), the discharge rate is low, and so far Li/CF x has only been used in primary batteries. Understanding the discharge mechanism at atomic length scales will improve practical CF x energy density, rate capability, and rechargeability. So far, purely experimental techniques have not identified the correct discharge mechanism or explained the discharge voltage. We apply density functional theory calculations to demonstrate that a CF x -edge propagation discharge mechanism based on lithium insertion at the CF/C boundary in partially discharged CF x exhibits a voltage range of 2.5 to 2.9 Vdepending on whether solvent molecules are involved. The voltages and solvent dependence agree with our discharge and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique measurements. The predicted discharge kinetics are consistent with CF x operations. Finally, we predict some Li/CF x rechargeability under the application of high potentials, along a charging pathway different from that of discharge. Our work represents a general, quasi-kinetic framework to understand the discharge of conversion cathodes, circumventing the widely used phase diagram approach which most likely does not apply to Li/CF x because equilibrium conditions are not attained in this system.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Edge-Propagation Discharge Mechanism in CF_x Batteries—A First-Principles and Experimental Study

Leung

Schorr

Mayer³

et al. 2021

Chem. Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The lex fori concursus does not, however, provide a close connection to the two substantive phenomena that have been identified in national insolvency laws dealing with executory contracts. The modifications of the contractual relationship driven by insolvency regulation 115 as well as the allocative aspect should not be governed by the lex fori concursus.…”

Section: A In Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executory Contracts, Ipso Facto Clauses and Licensing Agreements in Cross‐Border Insolvencies

Hoffmann

2018

Intl Insolvency Rev

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Executory contracts raise difficult substantive and procedural questions under insolvency law. This essay tries to point out two prominent phenomena of substantive law concerning the treatment of executory contracts. Ipso facto clauses and licensing agreements will serve as examples in order to find suitable conflict‐of‐law rules in cross‐border insolvencies. So far, there has been no fundamental debate on the application of the lex fori concursus to executory contracts. In recent rulings national courts have, however, refused to apply the lex fori concursus to executory contracts in cross‐border insolvency cases when ipso facto clauses or licensing agreements were involved. This essay pleads against the sole application of the lex fori concursus and critically analyses the concept of the European Insolvency Regulation concerning executory contracts. Copyright © 2018 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

show abstract

“…The E° value is that given by Wood et al (5) for a CF 1.12 material. The open circuit voltage (OCV) of a Li-CF x cell is normally 3.1-3.6 V, significantly lower than the theoretical value above.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Performance Evaluation of Commercial CFx Materials in Lithium Batteries

Read¹,

Marx²,

Wolfenstine³

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, ARLApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. ii REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

show abstract

Thermodynamic, Electrochemical and Synthetic Studies of the Graphite- Fluorine Compounds CF and C4F

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

Edge-Propagation Discharge Mechanism in CF_x Batteries—A First-Principles and Experimental Study

Edge-Propagation Discharge Mechanism in CF_x Batteries—A First-Principles and Experimental Study

Executory Contracts, Ipso Facto Clauses and Licensing Agreements in Cross‐Border Insolvencies

Performance Evaluation of Commercial CFx Materials in Lithium Batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Thermodynamic, Electrochemical and Synthetic Studies of the Graphite- Fluorine Compounds CF and C4F

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

Edge-Propagation Discharge Mechanism in CFx Batteries—A First-Principles and Experimental Study

Edge-Propagation Discharge Mechanism in CFx Batteries—A First-Principles and Experimental Study

Executory Contracts, Ipso Facto Clauses and Licensing Agreements in Cross‐Border Insolvencies

Performance Evaluation of Commercial CFx Materials in Lithium Batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Edge-Propagation Discharge Mechanism in CF_x Batteries—A First-Principles and Experimental Study

Edge-Propagation Discharge Mechanism in CF_x Batteries—A First-Principles and Experimental Study