Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of a catalytic process to convert glycerol into solketal as an oxygenated fuel additive

Kinetic modelling of the solventless synthesis of solketal with a sulphonic ion exchange resin

“…With respect to the utilisation of solid catalysts, special mention must be made to the use of commercially available ion exchange resins. Table 1 compiles a brief review of the references found using such catalysts together with the conditions and operation modes used in each work to shift the equilibrium existing in this reaction towards the products [29,30,[36][37][38][39]. Selectivity of these catalysts towards the five-membered ring isomer of solketal has been reported to be practically 100% for the vast majority of the aforementioned acid catalysts.…”

“…Typical M values mentioned in literature range from 2/1 to 6/1, despite sometimes being as high as 10.8/1 [41] or even 20/1 in order to reach yields of 82% of solketal under reflux conditions [42]. More recently, excess of acetone was used together with ethanol acting as a cosolvent [36,37,43] for acetone and glycerol, considering the limited miscibility of these compounds at the start of the reaction [44].…”

Synthesis of Solketal from Glycerol and Acetone over Amberlyst-46 to Produce an Oxygenated Fuel Additive

“…Comparatively lower solketal yields obtained at 20 °C and 35 °C, and a significant increase was observed at 60 °C of temperature. According to the study of Nanda et al [25][26], thermodynamically higher reaction temperature results lower equilibrium yield since reaction is exothermic. Kinetically, the reaction rate increases with temperature while lower reaction temperature requires longer reaction time to reach equilibrium yield.…”

Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol and Crude Glycerol (a By-Product or Waste Stream from the Biodiesel Industry) to 1,2-Propanediol over B2O3 Promoted Cu/Al2O3 Catalysts

“…In fact, catalytic conversion of glycerol to different value-added chemicals, such as acrolein [2], solketal [3,4], glyceric acids [5,6], and propanediols [7][8][9][10], are of great industrial importance. Recently, much attention has been given to valorize glycerol to 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) via catalytic hydrogenolysis [11][12][13][14][15][16].…”