Thermodynamic analysis of the carbothermic reduction roasting of a nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore

Pickles, C.A.; Forster, J.; Elliott, R.

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2014.05.006

Cited by 68 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Canterford et al [7] calculated that nickel grades up to 65% could be achieved, depending on the reduction conditions employed. Pickles et al [14] predicted a similar maximum nickel grade of 70%, while Swinbourne [15] calculated that smelting of a laterite could yield a ferronickel concentrate containing up to 40% nickel. While there is significant variation in the ore composition and the amount of reductant employed in each of these studies, they consistently predicted the formation of a high grade ferronickel phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optimum reduction temperatures in the range of 600˚C to 650˚C have been reported for the limonitic ores [7] [10] [11] [14]. It has also been suggested that this is the minimum temperature for selective reduction, as the reaction kinetics are expected to be prohibitively slow at lower temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While there is significant variation in the ore composition and the amount of reductant employed in each of these studies, they consistently predicted the formation of a high grade ferronickel phase. It should be noted that Canterford and Turnbull [7] and Pickles et al [14] considered a limonitic ore, while Swinbourne [15] studied a saprolitic ore. The higher magnesium silicate content in the saprolitic ore required higher temperatures to facilitate the extraction of the nickel, but a lower reductant addition was used as there was significantly less iron present to be co-reduced with the nickel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamics of the Reduction Roasting of Nickeliferous Laterite Ores

Elliott¹,

Pickles²,

Forster³

2016

JMMCE

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The global nickel sulphide resources are becoming more difficult to mine and, as a result, there is increasing interest in the current and future development of the oxidic nickel laterite deposits. In comparison to the sulphide ores, the nickel laterites cannot be readily upgraded by conventional means and growing attention is being focused on the development of new methods for processing these ores. In this paper, firstly, brief overviews of laterite ore mineralogy and the conventional techniques used to extract the nickel from both the limonitic and the saprolitic nickeliferous laterites are provided. Secondly, previous research on the thermodynamic modelling of the reduction of the laterites is discussed. Thirdly, an improved thermodynamic model is used to predict the equilibrium products arising from the solid state reduction of both the limonitic and the saprolitic ores. Based on these thermodynamic predictions, the reduction behaviors of the two ore types are compared in terms of nickel recovery and grade in the ferronickel product. The effects of reduction temperature, ore composition and carbon additions were studied. Finally, the results from the simulations are compared to the experimental data available in the literature.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamics of the Reduction Roasting of Nickeliferous Laterite Ores

Elliott¹,

Pickles²,

Forster³

2016

JMMCE

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“…1,4) As a matter of fact, the low nickel laterite ores (< 1.5%) widely exists in nature and cannot be exploitaged easily due to the low grade and complex mineralogy. Nevertheless, low nickel laterite ore has been studied extensively for its effective utilization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Sodium Carbonate on Phase Transformation of High-Magnesium Laterite Ore

Zhou

Dong

et al. 2017

Mater. Trans.

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The phase transformation of high-magnesium laterite ore were investigated during the reduction roasting process. In the absence of sodium carbonate [Na 2 CO 3 ], the X-ray diffraction results indicate that the [Fe Ni] alloy existed in ore in the form of taenite. The taenite particles is ne and the size is approximately 30-40 nm, which indicate that the nickel and iron are not migrated and aggregated during the non-smelting reduction roasting process. In the presence of sodium carbonate, the intensity of [Fe Ni] alloy phase increases; the taenite diffraction peaks disappears, corresponding to the appearance of kamacite. The results of SEM images show that the [Fe Ni] alloy particle size has a signi cant increase with the addition of Na 2 CO 3 . Based on the theoretical analysis, the pivotal role of Na 2 CO 3 may be mainly attributed to the Na + , which could in ltrate into the crystal lattice of FeO, leading to the lattice distortion. Furthermore, the sodium carbonate would be decomposed at high temperature, and the generated CO 2 could promote the Boudouard reaction which produced the CO to enhance the reduction of metallic oxides within ore.

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“…Recently, many researchers have focused on the reduction roasting of laterite ore with different reductants, such as carbon, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and even gas mixtures, followed by magnetic separation. However, the nickel content in the concentrate obtained with all of these methods is lower than 4% [12][13][14][15] . To further improve the recovery and grade of nickel, additives such as chlorides, sulfates and calcium oxide are used to enhance the enrichment ratio of Ni [16][17][18] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Calcium Chloride Addition on Coal-Based Reduction Roasting of Low-Nickel Garnierite Ore

Dong

Wei

et al. 2017

Mater. Trans.

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This work investigates the in uence of calcium chloride addition on coal-based reduction roasting low-nickel garnierite ore, and which is most evident in nickel enrichment and ferronickel particles aggregation. The results demonstrate that a concentrate with 11.83% nickel, corresponding to a nickel recovery of 97.38%, was obtained when the ore was reduced at 1150 C for 40 min in the presence of 12 mass% CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O, followed by magnetic separation at 250 mT. Compared with the ore reduced without calcium chloride, the nickel enrichment ratio of the concentrate was increased from 3 to 14 by the addition of 12 mass% CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O. Duing to the vaporization of the nickel chloride formed and the emergence of a new reactive surface, the addition of calcium chloride makes NiO in the garnierite easier to be reduced. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) studies show that metallic nickel was mainly enriched into a kamacite phase, and the presence of CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O signi cantly accelerated the aggregation and growth of ferronickel particles, attributing to the vaporization and precipitation of nickel chloride on carbon surface together with ferrou chloride.

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Thermodynamic analysis of the carbothermic reduction roasting of a nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore

Cited by 68 publications

References 16 publications

Thermodynamics of the Reduction Roasting of Nickeliferous Laterite Ores

Thermodynamics of the Reduction Roasting of Nickeliferous Laterite Ores

Effect of Sodium Carbonate on Phase Transformation of High-Magnesium Laterite Ore

Influence of Calcium Chloride Addition on Coal-Based Reduction Roasting of Low-Nickel Garnierite Ore

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