Thermo‐oxidative degradation of low‐density polyethylene close to industrial processing conditions

Hoff, A; Jacobsson, Sven P.

doi:10.1002/app.1981.070261020

Cited by 77 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The primary concern about previous polyethylene emissions data is that they were generated using static, small-scale, 4 or otherwise unspecified procedures. 5,6 In the design stages of this and previous SPI-Battelle studies, considerable attention was given to whether the model used accurately reflected real processing conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Emission Factors for Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate and Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer Processing

Barlow

Moss²,

Parker

et al. 1997

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Emission factors for selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate emissions were developed over a range of temperatures during extrusion of three mixtures of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers and two mixtures of ethylene-methyl acrylate (EMA) copolymers. A mixture of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) resins was used as a control. EVAs with 9, 18, and 28% vinyl acetate (VA) were used. The EMA mixtures were both 20% methyl acrylate. A small commercial extruder was used. Polymer melt temperatures were run at 340 °F for LDPE and both 18 and 28% EVAs. The 9% EVA mixture was extruded at 435 °F melt temperature. The EMA mixtures were extruded at 350 and 565 °F melt temperatures.An emission rate for each substance was calculated, measured, and reported as pounds released to the atmosphere per million pounds of polymer processed [ppm (wt/ wt)]. Based on production volumes, these emission factors can be used by processors to estimate emission quantities from EVA and EMA extrusion operations that are similar to the resins and the conditions used in this study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Emission Factors for Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate and Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer Processing

Barlow

Moss²,

Parker

et al. 1997

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…The concentration of the VOCs was found to decrease with increasing MW and the major component was acetaldehyde that was present in an amount exceeding that of any other VOC by nearly one order of magnitude. Hoff and co-workers (39,40) identified 44 VOCs derived from PE that had undergone thermal oxidation at 296°C. These compounds were mostly hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, cyclic ethers, cyclic esters, and hydroxycarboxylic acids, of which the majority were fatty acids.…”

Section: Chromatographic Analysismentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The dynamic headspace sampling of VOCs that originate from PE is routinely performed in a sealed chamber that is maintained at a constant temperature in the range from ambient to 350°C (8,34,35,39,40,70,71,88,99). The headspace of the chamber is purged with an inert gas such as nitrogen, and the VOCs are trapped on a chemically inert sorbent.…”

Section: Dynamic Headspace Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Volatile Organic Compounds Derived From Polyethylene

Hodgson¹,

Casey²,

Bigger³

et al. 2000

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering

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The formation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in polyethylene (PE) is a topic of concern to industries involved in the packaging of items such as foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals that are sensitive to organoleptic contamination. This article reviews the available literature on VOCs that originate from PE during its manufacture, processing, storage, and service life. The package-product interactions that may occur between PE and packaged foodstuffs are also considered together with the wide range of methods for the analysis of VOCs. The following analytical methods are discussed: (i) sensory evaluation, (ii) chromatographic techniques and their associated sampling techniques, including ORDER REPRINTS the "hot-jar" method and dynamic headspace sampling, (iii) gas chromatography-olfactory sensing, and (iv) artificial olfaction or "electronic nose" technology.

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“…3 A review of the literature reveals that thermo-oxidation studies have been performed on polypropylene. 4,5 The primary concerns about these previous emissions data are that they were generated using static, small-scale, 6 or otherwise unspecified procedures. 7,8 These procedures may not adequately simulate the temperature and oxygen exposure conditions typically encountered in the extrusion process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Emission Factors for Polypropylene Processing

Adams¹,

Bankston²,

Barlow

et al. 1999

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Emission factors for selected volatile organic compounds and particulate emissions were developed during extrusion of commercial grades of propylene homopolymers and copolymers with ethylene. A small commercial extruder was used. Polymer melt temperatures ranged from 400 to 605 °F. However, temperatures in excess of 510 °F for polypropylene are considered extreme. Temperatures as high as 605 °F are only used for very specialized applications, for example, melt-blown fibers. Therefore, use of this data should be matched with the resin manufacturers' recommendations.An emission factor was calculated for each substance measured and reported as pounds released to the atmosphere per million pounds of polymer processed [ppm (wt/wt)]. Based on production volumes, these emission factors can be used by processors to estimate emission IMPLICATIONSThis study provides quantitative emissions data that were collected during extrusion of homopolymers and copolymers of propylene. These data are directly related to production volumes and can be used as reference points to estimate emissions from similar polypropylene resins extruded on similar equipment.quantities from polypropylene extrusion operations that are similar to the resins and the conditions used in this study.

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Thermo‐oxidative degradation of low‐density polyethylene close to industrial processing conditions

Cited by 77 publications

References 15 publications

Development of Emission Factors for Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate and Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer Processing

Development of Emission Factors for Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate and Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer Processing

Review of Volatile Organic Compounds Derived From Polyethylene

Development of Emission Factors for Polypropylene Processing

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