Development of Emission Factors for Polypropylene Processing

Adams, K C; Bankston, John R.; Barlow, A.; Holdren, Michael W.; Meyer, J.A.; Marchesani, Vince J.

doi:10.1080/10473289.1999.10463782

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Em resposta a essa necessidade a Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc (SPI) nos USA organizou vários estudos para determinar os fatores de emissão durante a extrusão de alguns polímeros [5][6][7] . Adams et al [7] estudaram os fatores de emissão de compostos orgânicos voláteis e particulados gerados durante a extrusão a diferentes temperaturas e utilizaram vários tipos de PP comerciais homopolímeros e copolímeros. Os autores indicaram que os componentes gerados em maior quantidade foram particulados (compostos orgânicos voláteis de maior massa molar) e compostos orgânicos voláteis de menor massa molar como hidrocarbonetos (C 2 -C 13 ), etano, etileno, propileno.…”

Section: Extrusãounclassified

Degradação do polipropileno durante a extrusão e a geração de compostos orgânicos voláteis

Cáceres

Canevarolo

2009

Polímeros

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Resumo: Estudou-se a degradação de um polipropileno copolímero não estabilizado durante a extrusão a diferentes temperaturas (de 180 a 240 °C) e a conseqüente geração de compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOC). Os VOC foram coletados por meio de um condensador de gases, conectado na zona de desgaseificação da extrusora, e analisados por espectrometria no infravermelho (FTIR-ATR). A degradação do polímero foi acompanhada através da cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho e FTIR. À temperatura de 180 °C a degradação do polipropileno não gerou quantidades coletáveis de compostos orgânicos voláteis. Por outro lado, a partir de 200 °C houve geração de compostos olefínicos, não voláteis à temperatura ambiente, que aumentaram em quantidade com o aumento da temperatura de extrusão. A Função de Distribuição de Cisão de Cadeia (CSDF) mostrou que a baixas temperaturas, 180 e 200 °C, o mecanismo de degradação do polipropileno é preferencialmente por cisão de cadeia com alguma ramificação e/ou reticulação. Entretanto, nas temperaturas de extrusão mais altas, 220 e 240 °C, o mecanismo de degradação envolve exclusivamente cisão de cadeia e do tipo preferencial, ou seja, o número de cisões aumenta com o aumento da massa molar inicial da cadeia polimérica original. Palavras-chave: Polipropileno, degradação termo-mecânica, distribuição de massa molar, cisão de cadeia, FTIR, CSDF. Polypropylene Degradation during Extrusion and the Formation of Volatile Organic CompoundsAbstract: The thermo-mechanical degradation of an unstabilized polypropylene copolymer during extrusion at different temperatures (from 180 to 240 °C) and the production of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were studied. VOC's were collected via a volatile condenser, fitted at the degassing exit of the extruder and analyzed via infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR-ATR). The polymer degradation was followed via size exclusion chromatography and FTIR. At low extrusion temperatures (180 °C) the PP degradation produces undetectable quantities of VOC's. On the other hand, starting from 200 °C, there is the formation of olefinic compounds of molecular weight not volatile at room temperature, which increase in quantity with the rise of the extrusion temperature. The Chain Scission Distribution Function (CSDF) shows that at low temperatures (180 and 200 °C) the PP degradation mechanism is preferentially via chain scission with some branching and/or crosslinking in the lower molecular weight. At higher extrusion temperatures (220 and 240 °C) the degradation mechanism is exclusively via chain scission and it is preferential, i.e., the number of chain scission increases with the increase in the initial molecular weight of the original polymeric chain.

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Section: Extrusãounclassified

Degradação do polipropileno durante a extrusão e a geração de compostos orgânicos voláteis

Cáceres

Canevarolo

2009

Polímeros

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“…This work follows previous SPI/Battelle studies on the emissions of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, 2 polyethylene, 3 ethylene-vinyl acrylate and ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers, 4 and polypropylene. 5 As in these previous studies, a body of literature references exists concerning emissions from polyamides, most of them using static small-scale procedures. [6][7][8] These procedures may not accurately simulate the temperature and oxygen exposure conditions typical of extrusion processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Emission Factors for Polyamide Processing

Kriek

Lazear

Rhodes

et al. 2001

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Emission factors for selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate material were developed during processing of commercial grades of polyamide 6, polyamide 66, and polyamide 66/6 resins. A small commercial-type extruder was used, and melt temperatures ranged from 475 to 550 °F. An emission factor was calculated for each substance measured and is reported as pounds released to the atmosphere per million pounds of polymer resin processed. Scaled to production volumes, these emission factors can be used by processors to estimate emission quantities from similar polyamide extrusion operations.

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“…Adams et al 10 collected particulates and volatile organic compounds emissions during the PP extrusion. The VOC's included aliphatic (ethane, ethylene, propylene) and oxygenated compounds (aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermo-mechanical degradation and VOC emission of unstabilized and stabilized polypropylene copolymer during multiple Extrusions

2011

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The thermo-mechanical degradation during the multi-extrusion of unstabilized and stabilized polypropylene copolymer (cPP) was analyzed using the Chain Scission Distribution Function (CSDF) method. During the first extrusion of unstabilized cPP almost 60% of the initial polymeric chains were submitted to chain scission. The calculations using CSDF show a random chain scission process of chains with molecular weight below 100 kg.mol -1 , and above that a preferential chain scission process. When stabilized the cPP molecular weight is kept constant, even after four extrusions, independently of the stabilizers concentration used. Its chain scission is greatly reduced, only being noteworthy at high values of molecular weight, presenting in this case a preferential chain scission process. During extrusion the unstabilized cPP evolves Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) due to the volatilization of low molecular weight oxidized chain segments. VOC's emissions are greatly reduced during the melt processing of stabilized cPP, even after multiple extrusions.

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Development of Emission Factors for Polypropylene Processing

Cited by 32 publications

References 5 publications

Degradação do polipropileno durante a extrusão e a geração de compostos orgânicos voláteis

Degradação do polipropileno durante a extrusão e a geração de compostos orgânicos voláteis

Development of Emission Factors for Polyamide Processing

Thermo-mechanical degradation and VOC emission of unstabilized and stabilized polypropylene copolymer during multiple Extrusions

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