Thermo-mechanical analyses for optimized path planning in laser aided additive manufacturing processes

Directed Energy Deposition (DED) Process: State of the Art

“…In order to reduce residual stresses in the fabricated part by DED processes, various experimental and analytical approaches were performed [97,203,204,223,224,[271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278][279][280][281][282][283][284][285][286]. Recently, researches on thermo-mechanical analyses steadily increased to predict the desired deposition method through the control of heat transfer characteristics and the reduction of residual stress evolution, as shown in Table 13.…”

“…Research related to thermo-mechanical analyses to investigate residual stress and distortion during the fabrication of the part using the DED process can be classified into four categories; (a) modeling and validation, (b) effects of deposition and geometry parameters, (c) effects of deposition paths and times, (d) preheating and post cooling, as shown in Table 13. In general, in situ monitoring of temperature distributions, distortions and deflections is carried out to obtain an appropriate model for thermo-mechanical analysis using a TC, an IR camera, a digital image camera (DIC), a X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a linear displacement sensor (LDS), as shown in Table 13 [97,223,224,274,275,277,[281][282][283]286]. In addition, a scanner, a neutron diffraction (ND), a hole drilling (HD), an optical microscope, a XRD, a table encoder, and a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) are commonly employed for comparing the results of thermo-mechanical analyses to those of experiments from viewpoints of residual stress, distortion and deflection, as shown in Table 13 [203, 204, 223, 271-273, 276, 279, 281, 284, 285].…”

Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Stainless Steel Grades: A Review

“…Several research groups are working to develop physical models to describe, and consequently control, the process, with some examples being described in [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]. Developed models also aim at defect forecasting and mitigation [70][71][72][73][74][75]. It is of major relevance to remember that, unlike conventional processes, all AM technologies are producing the alloy and the specific geometry to be put in service simultaneously.…”

Effects of Deposition Strategy and Preheating Temperature on Thermo-Mechanical Characteristics of Inconel 718 Super-Alloy Deposited on AISI 1045 Substrate Using a DED Process

“…The thermo-mechanical characteristics are highly dependent on the deposition strategy of the DED process, including the deposition path, the interpass time, the deposition volume, etc., and the preheating condition of the substrate [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Ren et al investigated the influence of the deposition path on thermal histories and residual stress distributions in the AISI 316 part to estimate the optimized path planning for a DED process using finite element analyses (FEAs) and experiments [ 24 ]. They adopted spiral, unidirectional and zig-zag paths for the deposition [ 24 ].…”

“…Ren et al investigated the influence of the deposition path on thermal histories and residual stress distributions in the AISI 316 part to estimate the optimized path planning for a DED process using finite element analyses (FEAs) and experiments [24]. They adopted spiral, unidirectional and zig-zag paths for the deposition [24]. Lu et al studied the effects of the building strategy on the thermo-mechanical response of Ti-6Al-4V rectangular parts manufactured by a DED process using FEAs [25].…”