Thermally induced process‐related contaminants: The example of acrolein and the comparison with acrylamide

Guth, Sabine; Habermeyer, Michael; Baum, Matthias; Steinberg, Pablo; Lampen, Alfonso; Eisenbrand, Gerhard

doi:10.1002/mnfr.201300418

Cited by 16 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…Acrylamide is categorised to be a likely carcinogen to humans. Long-term rat studies have observed an enhanced occurrence of certain tumours following daily administration of acrylamide [16].…”

Section: Acrylamide Toxicodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally time-dependent depletion of glutathione in the neurons is thought to contribute to the neurotoxic effect of acrylamide. Dopamine release, uptake and storage is also affected, which correlates to the decrease in free sulfhydryl groups (acrylamide forms adducts with sulfhydryl groups of presynaptic proteins) [16].…”

Section: Acrylamide Toxicodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, polyacrylamide preparations are utilised in the cosmetic, paper and textile industries, in ore processing, medical research in gel electrophoresis, soil conditioners, as flocculants for wastewater treatment and is found in thermally treated food products -to name a few. However, there are additional sources with the potential for daily acrylamide exposure, which will be discussed below [16].…”

Section: Sources Of Acrylamidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…No natural sources of acrylamide have been identified, however man-made structures have in the past resulted in release of acrylamide into the environment. For example a chemical grout containing acrylamide was used during tunnel construction in Sweden, as a result of incorrect usage high amounts of acrylamide were released into the environment [16].…”

Section: Sources Of Acrylamidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most important mechanism for acrylamide formation appears to be the reaction of reducing carbohydrates with amino acids (particularly asparagine) during non-enzymatic browning. Thus acrylamide is mainly formed in carbohydrate-rich, strongly heated foods, such as french fries, potato chips/crisps and coffee [16].…”

Section: Sources Of Acrylamidementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Vicky Calder Case: A Review

Dj¹

2016

Journal of Forensic Science & Criminology

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Vicky Calder stood trial twice for the attempted murder of her ex-de facto partner, David Lloyd, by means of deliberate poisoning with acrylamide. Lloyd was left blind, paralysed from the neck down and was unable to speak without mechanical assistance after he fell into a coma following a mysterious ailment. Calder's first trial resulted in a hung jury, while the second obtained a notguilty verdict. The case was largely built on circumstantial evidence and subsequently relied heavily on chemical evidence and scientific expertise for the detection of acrylamide exposure in hair and blood samples taken from Lloyd 3 weeks after he fell ill. Forensic experts detected CEC levels that were up to 100 times higher (~500 micrograms of CEC per gram of hair) when compared to individuals that had been exposed to acrylamide and similar intensive care drugs that Lloyd had been exposed to Experts also prepared segmental analysis of Lloyd's hair samples, which showed a peak acrylamide concentration in a band of the hair that corresponded to when Lloyd fell ill. Additionally, Lloyd's blood samples were found to contain 800 times more CEV than a group of healthy normal individuals. Considering these astounding statistics, it is apparent that Calder's acquittal was due to a number of difficulties that the prosecution faced in court. This paper will explore the complications associated with hair analysis and the detection methods used for acrylamide; the significance of the Daubert principle; the difficulties encountered by juries in cases that revolve around complex scientific evidence and the various toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic principles of acrylamide. Recommendations have also been made with regards to dealing with similar cases in the future. ISSN: 2348-9804Lloyd returned to Christchurch on June 28 th . Calder had already returned from Amsterdam and picked him up from the airport in the presence of her sons and her parents. As soon as he was alone with Calder he revealed that he had met another woman and wanted to spend the rest of his life with her. Six days after leaving Berkley, Lloyd had notified Newstrom that he had left Calder and had already moved into his own flat. Calder did not take the news lightly. Her anger was expressed by writing numerous letters to Lloyd indicating her disapproval of the situation he had put her in, she let down the tyres of Lloyds car, erected resentful signs on his windshield in the university car park and cut up his shirts and trousers that were still in her wardrobe. A few months after the break-up Calder sent Newstrom a letter including photos of Calder and Lloyd. Additionally, Newstrom received an odd letter from an individual who identified herself as 'Salia' , who was unknown to Newstrom, accusing her of being a terrible person to break up Calder and Lloyd's relationship: it was later revealed that Calder had been responsible for this letter, along with a 'love letter' and postcard written to Lloyd from a 'Sarah Mills' [1].

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Section: Acrylamide Toxicodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acrylamide Toxicodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sources Of Acrylamidementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sources Of Acrylamidementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sources Of Acrylamidementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Vicky Calder Case: A Review

Dj¹

2016

Journal of Forensic Science & Criminology

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Sustained Human Background Exposure to Acrolein Evidenced by Monitoring Urinary Exposure Biomarkers

Ruenz

Goerke

Bakuradze

et al. 2019

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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Scope: This study investigates a potential correlation between the intake of heat-processed food and the excretion of the acrolein (AC) biomarkers N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-l-cysteine (HPMA) and N-acetyl-S-(carboxyethyl)-l-cysteine (CEMA) based on two human studies. Methods and Results: Human exposure to AC is monitored using the AC-related mercapturic acids HPMA and CEMA in the urine of a) non-smoking volunteers under defined living conditions and b) of non-smoking volunteers on unrestricted or vegan diet under free living conditions. Free living volunteers in part show markedly enhanced urinary excretions of HPMA and CEMA. The intake of heat-processed food does not influence AC-related biomarker excretion. Incidentally enhanced urinary exposure biomarker levels appear to suggest AC exposure possibly from open fire, barbecuing, or tobacco smoke. However, kinetics of urinary biomarkers related to tobacco and other potential smoke exposure, do not correlate with those observed for HPMA and CEMA. Conclusion: This study is the first to convincingly show a sustained and substantial background exposure to AC in non-smoking humans, clearly independent from uptake of heat-processed foods. The data strongly point to endogenous AC generation by pathways of mammalian and/or microbial metabolism as yet not taken into consideration.

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Exposure assessment of process-related contaminants in food by biomarker monitoring

et al. 2018

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Exposure assessment is a fundamental part of the risk assessment paradigm, but can often present a number of challenges and uncertainties. This is especially the case for process contaminants formed during the processing, e.g. heating of food, since they are in part highly reactive and/or volatile, thus making exposure assessment by analysing contents in food unreliable. New approaches are therefore required to accurately assess consumer exposure and thus better inform the risk assessment. Such novel approaches may include the use of biomarkers, physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling-facilitated reverse dosimetry, and/or duplicate diet studies. This review focuses on the state of the art with respect to the use of biomarkers of exposure for the process contaminants acrylamide, 3-MCPD esters, glycidyl esters, furan and acrolein. From the overview presented, it becomes clear that the field of assessing human exposure to process-related contaminants in food by biomarker monitoring is promising and strongly developing. The current state of the art as well as the existing data gaps and challenges for the future were defined. They include (1) using PBK modelling and duplicate diet studies to establish, preferably in humans, correlations between external exposure and biomarkers; (2) elucidation of the possible endogenous formation of the process-related contaminants and the resulting biomarker levels; (3) the influence of inter-individual variations and how to include that in the biomarker-based exposure predictions; (4) the correction for confounding factors; (5) the value of the different biomarkers in relation to exposure scenario’s and risk assessment, and (6) the possibilities of novel methodologies. In spite of these challenges it can be concluded that biomarker-based exposure assessment provides a unique opportunity to more accurately assess consumer exposure to process-related contaminants in food and thus to better inform risk assessment.

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Thermally induced process‐related contaminants: The example of acrolein and the comparison with acrylamide

Cited by 16 publications

References 119 publications

The Vicky Calder Case: A Review

The Vicky Calder Case: A Review

Sustained Human Background Exposure to Acrolein Evidenced by Monitoring Urinary Exposure Biomarkers

Exposure assessment of process-related contaminants in food by biomarker monitoring

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