Thermal Processing of Spent Li-Ion Batteries for Extraction of Lithium and Cobalt–Manganese Values

Investigation of Hydrogen Reduction of LiCoO2 Cathode Material for the Recovery of Li and Co Values

“…As per thermodynamic data [reaction ], the layered structure of LCO is stable below 850 °C. However, it can decompose into subsequent oxides at a lower temperature of ∼510 and ∼145 °C in the reductive atmosphere of carbon and hydrogen, respectively. ,, The dominant chemical reactions occurring in the system and their relation of Gibbs free energy with temperature are shown in Figure . Theoretically, hydrogen can break the layered structure of LCO above ∼150 °C to subsequent metal oxides, which will further reduce to metals as per reactions –.…”

Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries

“…Therefore, a smaller cut point (38μm) has been studied. Over 80 wt % LiCoO 2 particles with 7.0 wt % Al and 6.1 wt % Cu can be obtained in the <38μm size fraction therefore attrition scrubbing is a suitable second stage liberation technique ( Sunil and Dhawan, 2019 ; Widijatmoko et al., 2020a ; 2020b ). Moreover, the recovered LiCoO 2 particles have minimum contamination from Cu and Al which reduces the need to purify the leachate during the hydrometallurgical process ( Atia et al., 2019 ; Wang et al., 2019 ).…”