Kinetics and thermodynamical evaluation of electrode material of discarded lithium-ion batteries and its impact on recycling

Reductive Thermal Treatment of LiCoO2 from End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries with Hydrogen

“…The average value of E a using the KAS method was found to be 82.8 kJ/mol, while for the FOW method, the average value of E a was found to be 92.6 kJ/mol. In comparison, a study by Pindar and Dhawan applied a similar approach (i.e., KAS and FOW model-free method) to the carbothermic reduction of LiCoO 2 with graphite and reported an average activation energy of 267 kJ/mol. A higher activation energy is indicative of a relatively higher energy input requirement and relatively slower process.…”

Technologies of lithium recycling from waste lithium ion batteries: a review

“…Pyrometallurgy uses high temperatures to remove organic material via evaporation and causes reactions in the cathode and anode to make lithium soluble in water. [66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76] Lithium was then recycled from the aqueous solution. The pre-treated active materials were powdered and subjected to calcination.…”

Unveiling the Control Mechanism of the Carbothermal Reduction Reaction for Waste Li-Ion Battery Recovery: Providing Instructions for Its Practical Applications

“…However, the obtained results were much different from Pindar's results who obtained an activation energy of 266 kJ/mol. 18 It is hard to tell which result is more reliable because neither of them has been validated. Notably, the activation energy just revealed the difficulty level of the CR reaction, and it did not help with the technology's improvement directly.…”

“…In 2020, Li et al studied the kinetics of the CR reaction of spent lithium cobalt oxides (LiCoO 2 ) and obtained an activation energy of over 389.1 kJ/mol. However, the obtained results were much different from Pindar’s results who obtained an activation energy of 266 kJ/mol . It is hard to tell which result is more reliable because neither of them has been validated.…”

“…Inspired by Li’s and Pindar’s articles, a kinetic study may provide the breakthrough of CR technology. This is because kinetic analysis is much important for controlling the reaction process, increasing the rate of the main reaction and reducing by-product generation .…”