“…Electric micropumps utilize electrokinetics (Gascoyne and Vykoukal, 2002), piezoelectric (Van Lintel et al, 1988, Nisar et al, 2008) or magnetohydrodynamics (Zhong et al, 2002). While mechanical micropumps utilize hydrodynamic pressure (Xu et al, 2001), thermal expansion (Yokoyama et al, 2004), osmotic pressure (Salimi-Moosavi et al, 1997), or other transducer or induced forces. Electrocapillary, an important electrokinetic pumping mechanism, boosted the development of lab-on-chip devices (Harrison et al, 1992, Li and Harrison, 1997, Manz et al, 1991).…”