Thermal metal deposition induces segregation in polymer thin films: a demonstration on OPVs

Dekman, Igal; Brener, R.; Frey, Gitti L.

doi:10.1039/c3tc31430h

Cited by 19 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The absence of ZnO close to the substrate indicates the preferable presence of PCBM close to the substrate. This result is in good agreement with the surface energy considerations and recent studies suggesting that segregation of PCBM to the substrate/organic interface during film processing [15][16][17]. The PCBM saturates the amorphous domains close to the substrate/organic interface and impedes the ZnO deposition in those regions.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Harnessing ALD to directly map the morphology of organic photovoltaic bulk heterojunctions

Obuchovsky

Shamieh

Deckman

et al. 2015

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Harnessing ALD to directly map the morphology of organic photovoltaic bulk heterojunctions

Obuchovsky

Shamieh

Deckman

et al. 2015

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

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“…In our previous work, we showed that PEG migration is induced by its chemical interaction with the deposited metal. 24,25 However, our present results demonstrate that only specific end-terminated PEGs migrate to the blend/Al interface. Therefore, a chemical reaction between the ethylene oxide groups and the Al cannot be the driving force for PEG migration.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Chemical Composition of Additives That Spontaneously Form Cathode Interlayers in OPVs

et al. 2015

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Interlayers between the active layer and the electrodes in organic devices are known to modify the electrode work function and enhance carrier extraction/injection, consequently improving device performance. It was recently demonstrated that chemical interactions between the evaporated electrode and interlayer additive can induce additive migration toward the metal/organic interface to spontaneously form the interlayer. In this work we used P3HT:PEG blends as a research platform to investigate the driving force for additive migration to the organic/metal interface and the source of the work function modification in OPVs. For this purpose PEG derivatives with different end groups were blended with P3HT or deposited on top of P3HT layer, topped with Al or Au evaporated electrodes. The correlation between the additive chemical structure, the Voc of corresponding devices, and the metal/organic interface composition determined by XPS revealed that the driving force for additive migration toward the blend/metal interface is the chemical interaction between the additives' end group and the deposited metal atoms. Replacing the PEG additives with alkyl additives bearing the same end groups has shown that the Al work function is actually modulated by the PEG backbone. Hence, in this work we have identified and separated between structural features controlling the migration of the interlayer additive to the organic/metal interface and those responsible for the modification of the metal work function.

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“…By contrast, when PC 61 BM was substituted with high‐surface‐energy moieties, such as amino groups, the modified PC 61 BM could migrate to the interface between the AL and the ITO substrate . Interestingly, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and its derivatives, materials with high surface energies, have been demonstrated to prefer to self‐organize at the top of the AL because of the strong interaction between the PEG segment and the top metal electrode . Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (P2VP), poly[(9,9‐bis(30‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)propyl)‐2,7‐fluorene)‐ alt ‐2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)] (PFN), polyethyleneimine (PEI), oleamide, and fluorinated zinc oxide have also been used to self‐organize CILs in OSCs .…”

Section: Device Characteristics Using Pvp As Cil With Different Procementioning

confidence: 99%

A Self‐Organized Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)‐Based Cathode Interlayer in Inverted Fullerene‐Free Organic Solar Cells

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2018

Advanced Materials

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surface of the film, forming the interlayer and active layer simultaneously. In order to better distinguish, the two approaches are recognized as the step-by-step preparation method and the self-organization method, respectively, in this work. The self-organization method not only simplifies the fabrication procedure significantly but also makes the tolerance of the interlayer to thickness variation no need consideration. And hence, intensive investigations have been focused on the self-organization method in fullerene-based OSCs. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The self-organization method is based on the self-assembly of the interlayer material during the film deposition process, and many factors have been suggested to explain the origin of the migration of the interlayer materials. It has been demonstrated that when an interlayer material has higher surface energy and stronger interaction with the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, it may tend to migrate to the near ITO side, and vice versa. [12][13][14][15][16] For instance, Wei et al. introduced fluorocarbon chains to [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM) to decrease the surface energy of PC 61 BM, and as a result, the fluorinated PC 61 BM segregated to the top of the AL, forming the CIL and AL simultaneously. [15] By contrast, when PC 61 BM was substituted with high-surfaceenergy moieties, such as amino groups, the modified PC 61 BM could migrate to the interface between the AL and the ITO substrate. [5] Interestingly, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and its derivatives, materials with high surface energies, have been demonstrated to prefer to self-organize at the top of the AL because of the strong interaction between the PEG segment and the top metal electrode. [12,[16][17][18][19][20] Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP), poly [(9,9-bis(30-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] (PFN), polyethyleneimine (PEI), oleamide, and fluorinated zinc oxide have also been used to self-organize CILs in OSCs. [9,13,[21][22][23][24] All the aforementioned materials were applied in fullerene-based OSCs via the self-organization method, and the reported utilization of PVP through self-organization method is associated with a conventional device architecture, [21] which makes its application in the inverted devices seem impossible. Meanwhile, for fullerene-free OSCs, that have more potential for realizing higher photovoltaic performances and in future practical applications, no example has been developed to date.In this work, we demonstrate the first example that uses PVP as the CIL in the inverted OSCs via the self-organization method.Herein, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) is used as the cathode interlayer (CIL) through the self-organization method in inverted organic solar cells (OSCs). By coating a solution of PVP and active layer materials onto a glass/indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate, the PVP can segregate to the near ITO side due to its high surface energy and strong intermolecular interaction with the I...

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Thermal metal deposition induces segregation in polymer thin films: a demonstration on OPVs

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

Harnessing ALD to directly map the morphology of organic photovoltaic bulk heterojunctions

Harnessing ALD to directly map the morphology of organic photovoltaic bulk heterojunctions

Chemical Composition of Additives That Spontaneously Form Cathode Interlayers in OPVs

A Self‐Organized Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)‐Based Cathode Interlayer in Inverted Fullerene‐Free Organic Solar Cells

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