Thermal Management of Stationary Battery Systems: A Literature Review

Abstract

Stationary battery systems are becoming increasingly common worldwide. Energy storage is a key technology in facilitating renewable energy market penetration and battery energy storage systems have seen considerable investment for this purpose. Large battery installations such as energy storage systems and uninterruptible power supplies can generate substantial heat in operation, and while this is well understood, the thermal management systems that currently exist have not kept pace with stationary battery installation development. Stationary batteries operating at elevated temperatures experience a range of deleterious effects and, in some cases, serious safety concerns can arise. Optimal thermal management prioritizes safety and balances costs between the cooling system and battery degradation due to thermal effects. Electric vehicle battery thermal management has undergone significant development in the past decade while stationary battery thermal management has remained mostly stagnant, relying on the use of active and passive air cooling. Despite being the default method for thermal management, there is an absence of justifying research or comparative reviews. This literature review seeks to define the role of stationary battery systems in modern power applications, the effects that heat generation and temperature have on the performance of these systems, thermal management methods, and future areas of study.

Optimal Design of Battery Storage Systems for RES Using Simulation Methods

“…Due to the lower thermal capacity and conductivity, higher temperature differences may occur between the individual cells in the battery module. As a disadvantage, it is also necessary to mention a certain noise level of the air-cooled system [3], [4], [5].…”

Recent Advancements in Battery Management System for Li‐Ion Batteries of Electric Vehicles: Future Role of Digital Twin, Cyber‐Physical Systems, Battery Swapping Technology, and Nondestructive Testing

“…Accurate measurement of the temperature of the battery also plays an important role in estimating the SOC and SOH of Li‐ion batteries. [ 25 ] Different types of thermal concerns related to temperature, internal resistance, and stress that affect the life and performance of the battery are shown in Figure 3 .…”

“…The optimum temperature range for a lithium‐ion battery is ideally between 28 o C and 45 o C. The performance, life, and stored energy are deteriorated if it operates above 50 o C or below 0 o C. [ 25 ] When the battery is operated above 50 o C, the chemical composition of the liquid electrolyte may change which in turn increases the internal resistance of the cell. [ 25 ] In addition, operation at high temperature may cause disruption of separator layers and may lead to the internal short circuit in the battery, resulting in thermal run‐away. In this case, the battery may rupture, blowout, or even cause fire.…”

Market-Based Energy Management Model of a Building Microgrid Considering Battery Degradation

“…The temperature in stationary BESs can easily be controlled and was therefore considered constant (T = 298K). The BES of this study is installed in an indoor cabinet and according to the IEEE/ASHRAE standard [34], [35], it is the thermal management of the room rather than the individual BESs that controls the temperature of the stationary BESs. According to this standard, the supply air of the ventilation unit should assist in controlling the room temperature.…”