Thermal Interface Materials - A Review of the State of the Art

Sarvar, F.; Whalley, D.C.; Conway, Paul

doi:10.1109/estc.2006.280178

Cited by 192 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The single-layer or bilayer graphene have greater flexibility to form the thermal links while K p in MGL (n>3) is subject to less degradation due to phonon -boundary scattering [23]. The TIM performance, defined by R TIM , depends not only on K but also on BLT [3][4][5]. We estimated that our samples have BLT≤5 m at relevant P. BLT evolution with f follows the equations BLT~ y /P, with the yield stress given as ),…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Development of the next generations of integrated circuits (ICs), three-dimensional (3D) integration and ultra-fast high-power density communication devices makes the thermal management requirements extremely severe [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Efficient heat removal became a critical issue for the performance and reliability of modern electronic, optoelectronic, photonic devices and systems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thermal interface materials (TIMs), applied between heat sources and heat sinks, are essential ingredients of thermal management [2][3][4][5][6]. Conventional TIMs filled with thermally conductive particles require high volume fractions f of filler (f~50%) to achieve thermal conductivity K of the composite in the range of ~1-5 W/mK at room temperature (RT) [3][4][5][6]. Earlier attempts of utilizing highly thermally conductive nanomaterials, e.g.…”

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Graphene–Multilayer Graphene Nanocomposites as Highly Efficient Thermal Interface Materials

2012

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We found that an optimized mixture of graphene and multilayer graphene -produced by the high-yield inexpensive liquid-phase-exfoliation technique -can lead to an extremely strong enhancement of the cross-plane thermal conductivity K of the composite. The "laser flash" measurements revealed a record-high enhancement of K by 2300 % in the graphene-based polymer at the filler loading fraction f =10 vol. %. It was determined that a relatively high concentration of single-layer and bilayer graphene flakes (~10-15%) present simultaneously with thicker multilayers of large lateral size (~ 1 m) were essential for the observed unusual K enhancement. The thermal conductivity of a commercial thermal grease was increased from an initial value of ~5.8 W/mK to K=14 W/mK at the small loading f=2%, which preserved all mechanical properties of the hybrid. Our modeling results suggest that graphene -multilayer graphene nanocomposite used as the thermal interface material outperforms those with carbon nanotubes or metal nanoparticles owing to graphene's aspect ratio and lower Kapitza resistance at the graphene -matrix interface.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphene–Multilayer Graphene Nanocomposites as Highly Efficient Thermal Interface Materials

2012

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“…However, high thermal conductivity alone cannot ensure good interfacial thermal conductance. The performance of TIMs depends on many factors such as concentration and morphology of filler and on the wettability, spreadability and adhesion of the resulting polymer composite dispersions on substrates/components, which improve thermal contacts between the mating surfaces [11]. Also, the potentially high electrical conductivity of carbon nanofiller-based polymer composites is considered a drawback in microelectronic packaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of boron nitride addition on properties of vapour grown carbon nanofiber/rubbery epoxy composites for thermal interface applications

Raza

Westwood

Stirling

et al. 2015

Composites Science and Technology

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This work is focused on developing an epoxy-based hybrid composite using BN and VGCNF, with the main motivation of producing thermally conducting but electrically insulating composite thermal interface materials (TIMs). Various compositions of BN/VGCNF/rubbery epoxy hybrid composites were developed by 3-roll milling. The thermal conductivity of hybrid composites increases with increasing VGCNF content and electrical conductivity decreases with increasing BN content. SEM showed that BN inclusion inhibits VGCNF contacts resulting in more electrically insulating composites. Compression testing showed that BN inclusion produced stiffer composites than those produced with VGCNFs at equivalent loading. The thermal contact resistance of 6 wt.% BN/8 wt.% VGCNF/rubbery epoxy composite was 3.36 × 10 -5 m 2 .K/W at a bond line thickness of 18 m. Thermal contact resistance measurements showed that hybrid composites can offer better interfacial thermal transport at thick bond lines and this improves with increasing VGCNF content due to increased thermal conductivity imparted by VGCNF.

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“…This material has proven to have an unusually high thermal conductivity with intrinsic values In this paper, we demonstrate that the thermal management of concentrator multi-junction solar cells can be substantially improved by enhancing properties of TIMs via incorporation of graphene [41]. Conventional TIMs are typically made of polymeric or grease base material loaded with conductive materials such as silver or ceramic particles [42]. The amount of various fillers in the commercial TIMs can be high, reaching the loading volume fractions f~70% [43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Management of Concentrated Multi-Junction Solar Cells with Graphene-Enhanced Thermal Interface Materials

2017

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Abstract:We report results of experimental investigation of temperature rise in concentrated multi-junction photovoltaic solar cells with graphene-enhanced thermal interface materials. Graphene and few-layer graphene fillers, produced by a scalable environmentally-friendly liquid-phase exfoliation technique, were incorporated into conventional thermal interface materials. Graphene-enhanced thermal interface materials have been applied between a solar cell and heat sink to improve heat dissipation. The performance of the multi-junction solar cells has been tested using an industry-standard solar simulator under a light concentration of up to 2000 suns. It was found that the application of graphene-enhanced thermal interface materials allows one to reduce the solar cell temperature and increase the open-circuit voltage. We demonstrated that the use of graphene helps in recovering a significant amount of the power loss due to solar cell overheating. The obtained results are important for the development of new technologies for thermal management of concentrated photovoltaic solar cells.

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Thermal Interface Materials - A Review of the State of the Art

Cited by 192 publications

References 12 publications

Graphene–Multilayer Graphene Nanocomposites as Highly Efficient Thermal Interface Materials

Graphene–Multilayer Graphene Nanocomposites as Highly Efficient Thermal Interface Materials

Effect of boron nitride addition on properties of vapour grown carbon nanofiber/rubbery epoxy composites for thermal interface applications

Thermal Management of Concentrated Multi-Junction Solar Cells with Graphene-Enhanced Thermal Interface Materials

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