Thermal injury of skin and subcutaneous tissues: A review of experimental approaches and numerical models

Ye, Hanglin; De, Suvranu

doi:10.1016/j.burns.2016.11.014

Cited by 83 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…Since the damage index is calculated as an integral, it is often referred to as the damage integral. A damage integral

= 0.53 at the basal layer was reported by Ye and He [ 28 ] as the limit for superficial burns and

= 1.0 as the limit for superficial partial-thickness burns. The numerical integration of Equation (12) was in the present work done in parallel to the temperature modeling, i.e., in the previously mentioned C++ program.…”

Section: Heat Transport and Damage Integralmentioning

confidence: 89%

Modeling Skin Injury from Hot Rice Porridge Spills

Log

2018

IJERPH

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The present work analyzes skin burns from spills of hot rice and milk products. The traditional Norwegian rice porridge serves as an example. By testing spills on objects emulating an arm, it was concluded that spills were seldom thinner than 3 mm, and stayed in place due to the viscosity of the porridge for more than one minute. The Pennes bioheat equation was solved numerically for such spills, including heat conduction to the skin and convective heat losses from the porridge surface. Temperatures were analyzed in the porridge and skin layers, and the resulting skin injury was calculated based on the basal layer temperature. Parameters influencing burn severity, such as porridge layer thickness, porridge temperature, removal of the porridge and thermal effects of post scald tempered (15 °C) water cooling were analyzed. The spilled porridge resulted in a prolonged heat supply to the skin, and the skin injury developed significantly with time. The porridge temperature turned out to be the most important injury parameter. A 70 °C porridge temperature could develop superficial partial-thickness burns. Porridge temperatures at processing temperatures nearly instantly developed severe burns. It was demonstrated that prompt removal of the hot porridge significantly reduced the injury development. The general advice is to avoid serving porridge and similar products at temperatures above 65 °C and, if spilled on the skin, to remove it quickly. After such scald incidents, it is advised to cool the injured area by tempered water for a prolonged period to stimulate healing.

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“…Since the damage index is calculated as an integral, it is often referred to as the damage integral. A damage integral

= 0.53 at the basal layer was reported by Ye and He [ 28 ] as the limit for superficial burns and

Section: Heat Transport and Damage Integralmentioning

confidence: 89%

Modeling Skin Injury from Hot Rice Porridge Spills

Log

2018

IJERPH

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“…Burns can be precipitated by agents such as chemicals, friction, heat, and radiation, each with a different pathophysiological response. The burn depth (first-degree, second-degree, and thirddegree) can help categorize the injury and appropriate treatment ( Table 2) [16][17][18]. In addition, burns may lead to later development of skin malignancies [5,6,16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the nuclei of cells in the epidermis enlarge, and the vessels in the dermis become dilated. First-degree burns typically resolve spontaneously without scarring [16,17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heater-Associated Erythema Ab Igne: Case Report and Review of Thermal-Related Skin Conditions

Forouzan¹,

Riahi²,

Cohen³

2020

Cureus

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Erythema ab igne is a thermal-associated skin condition that can occur secondary to persistent direct or indirect contact with heat. Historically, erythema ab igne has been linked to fireplace and stove exposures; more recently, it has been associated with heaters, hot water bottles, and laptops. A 48-year-old woman presented for the evaluation of hyperpigmented, reticulated macular lesions on her distal legs. Additional history revealed that she had developed erythema ab igne secondary to the use of a space heater underneath her desk at work. Her skin condition stopped progressing with removal of the causative agent. In addition to erythema ab igne, heatrelated skin conditions include basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, burns, erythromelalgia, subtypes of urticaria, and ultraviolet-associated disorders. Awareness of thermal-associated skin conditions enables the clinician to establish the appropriate diagnosis based on the associated history of the condition, the morphology of the skin lesion, and, if necessary, correlation with the skin biopsy findings of the cutaneous condition.

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“…Since the damage index is calculated as an integral, it is often referred to as the damage integral. Ye and He [ 27 ] report a damage integral

= 0.53 at the basal layer as the limit for superficial burns and

= 1.0 as the limit for superficial partial-thickness burns. Comparing the calculated damage integral with these values was done to discuss skin injury for different exposure situations.…”

Section: Heat Transport and Damage Integralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Skin Injury from Hot Spills on Clothing

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2017

IJERPH

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The present work analyzes scald burns from hot beverages, such as coffee and tea, spilled on the lap, i.e., an incident that may occur in daily life. The Pennes bioheat equation is solved numerically for small spills wetting the clothing, i.e., the fabric prevents the spilled liquid from draining away. Temperatures are analyzed in the wetted fabric and the skin layers and the resulting skin injury is calculated based on the basal layer temperature. Parameters influencing burn severity, such as clothing thickness, liquid temperature, removal of fabric and thermal effects of post scald water cooling are analyzed. The fabric cools the water some but represents a threat since the entrapped water results in a prolonged heat supply. The liquid temperature turned out to be the most important injury parameter, where liquid temperature of about 80–85 °C seems to be a limit for developing superficial partial-thickness burns in the present minimum case, i.e., where the liquid just wets the fabric. Spilling water in excess of just wetting the fabric, more severe burns will develop at lower liquid temperatures due to the prolonged heat supply. Higher liquid temperatures will nearly instantly develop more severe burns. It is demonstrated that removal of the clothing within the first seconds after the spill may significantly reduce the scalding severity. The general advice is therefore to avoid excessive heating of beverages and, if the beverage is spilled, to quickly remove the wetted clothing. Prolonged tempered water cooling is advised to improve the healing processes.

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Thermal injury of skin and subcutaneous tissues: A review of experimental approaches and numerical models

Cited by 83 publications

References 128 publications

Modeling Skin Injury from Hot Rice Porridge Spills

Modeling Skin Injury from Hot Rice Porridge Spills

Heater-Associated Erythema Ab Igne: Case Report and Review of Thermal-Related Skin Conditions

Modeling Skin Injury from Hot Spills on Clothing

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