Thermal hazard evaluation of cyclohexanone peroxide synthesis

Na, Zang; Qian, Xinming; Liu, Zhenyi; Shu, Chi‐Min

doi:10.1007/s10973-015-5209-5

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…To optimize the grid arrangement of firefighting resources and reduce economic losses, it is important to predict the spatial and temporal dynamics of fire propagation and integrate wildfire prediction into power transmission line for an early warning system. For the purpose of developing the early warning system, there are studies on two categories: 1) the studies mainly focused on wildfires e.g., monitoring fires with satellite or sensor networks [2], [23]- [25], or the mathematical modeling of the fire propagation toward transmission lines only [26]; and 2) the studies on consequences of transmission line confronting wildfires, through statistical approaches [27], [28], mathematical modeling [29] and high voltage experiments for flashover mechanisms [13], [30]. However, emphasizing solely on one aspect could not satisfy the requirements of a timely early warning system for transmission line confront wildfires.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Wildfires Propagation Prediction Into Early Warning of Electrical Transmission Line Outages

Dian

Cheng

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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Wildfires could pose a significant danger to electrical transmission lines and cause considerable losses to the power grids and residents nearby. Previous studies of preventing wildfire damages to electrical transmission lines mostly analyze wildfire and power system security independently due to their differences in disciplines and cannot satisfy the requirement of the power grid for active and timely responses. In this paper, we have designed an integrated wildfire early warning system framework for power grids, taking prediction of wildfires and early warning of line outage probability together. First, the proposed model simulates the spatiotemporal process of wildfires via a geography cellular automata model and predicts when and where wildfires initially get into the security buffer of an electrical transmission line. It is developed in the context of electrical transmission line operating with various situations of topography, vegetation, wind and, especially, multiple ignition points. Second, we have proposed a line outage model (LOM), based on wildfire prediction and breakdown mechanisms of the air gap, to predict the breakdown probability varying with time and the most vulnerable poles at the holistic line scale. Finally, to illustrate the validation and rationality of our proposed system, a case study for a 500-kV transmission line near Miyi county, China, is presented, and the results under various wildfire situations are studied and compared. By integrating wildfire prediction into the LOM and alarming the holistic line breakdown probability along time, this paper makes a significant contribution in the early warning system to prevent transmission lines to be damaged by wildfires, illustrating the related breakdown mechanisms at the line operation level rather than laboratory experiments only. Meanwhile, the implementation of cellular automata model under comprehensive environmental conditions and simulation of the breakdown probability for the 500-kV transmission line could serve as references for other studies in the community. INDEX TERMS Cellular automata, electrical transmission lines, earning warning, wildfire.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Wildfires Propagation Prediction Into Early Warning of Electrical Transmission Line Outages

Dian

Cheng

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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“…Ozawa analysis, which is used to calculate data using integration equations, is easier and more widely used because some intrinsic limitations can be eliminated [25][26][27][28]. It is expressed as follows:…”

Section: Isoconversional Kinetics Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of thermal hazard for TBPTMH mixed with BPO through DSC and isoconversional kinetics analysis

Chen

Shu

2016

J Therm Anal Calorim

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tert-Butyl peroxy-3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate (TBPTMH), generally used as an initiator, can replace tertbutyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB) in polymerization processes. The thermal behavior of TBPTMH added to this reaction was analyzed. Furthermore, we compared the influence on thermal hazards with TBPB and benzoyl peroxide. Through differential scanning calorimetry and isoconversional kinetics analysis, thermokinetic parameters and simulation results, including apparent activation energy (E a ), time to maximum rate under adiabatic conditions (TMR ad ), and selfaccelerating decomposition temperature (SADT), can be used to identify a safer handling environment when TBPTMH is mixed with tert-butyl peroxide. According to DSC thermal curves, the apparent exothermic onset temperature of TBPTMH was from 100 to 124°C, and the heat of decomposition of TBPTMH was from 748.81 to 950.48 J g -1 . E a values as calculated using three methods (Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Friedman, and ASTM E698) were 122.4, 122.7, and 122.0 kJ mol -1 , respectively. From the point of view of thermal loss prevention, TMR ad and SADT are two crucial safety parameters, which were obtained as 61.3°C under 24 h and 55.0°C, respectively.Keywords Apparent activation energy (E a ) Á Selfaccelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) Á Time to maximum rate under adiabatic conditions (TMR ad ) Á Thermal hazard Á Thermokinetic parameter List of symbols APre-exponential factors (s -1 ) C p Heat capacity (J g K -1 ) D Activation energy correction coefficient (dimensionless) E a Apparent activation energy (kJ mol -1 ) DH d Heat of decomposition (J g -1 ) kReaction rate constant (min -1 ) nReaction order (dimensionless) n i Reaction order of ith stage (dimensionless) R Universal gas constant (8.314 J mol -1 K -1 ) SADT Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (°C) T Absolute temperature (K) T max Maximum temperature of reaction (K) TMR ad Time to maximum rate under adiabatic conditions (h) T 0 Apparent exothermic onset temperature of reaction (K) t Time (s) aDegree of conversion (dimensionless) bHeating rate (°C min -1 ) q Density (kg m -3 ) kThermal conductivity (W m K -1 ) DH d Heat of decomposition (J g -1 ) DT ad Adiabatic temperature rise (°C)

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“…10 The Stoessel criticality diagram defines the behavior of a reaction when a thermal runway starts and can be used to assess the probability of interrupting a runaway situation. 11 Since then, this diagram has been widely applied for various chemical processes, such as Diels-Alder reactions, 12 oxidation reactions, [13][14][15] esterification reactions, 16 nitration reactions, 17 and polymerization reactions. 18 1-Nitronaphthalene is an important INT in the synthesis of medicines, dyes, pesticides, and rubber antioxidants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process safety assessment of semibatch nitration of naphthalene with mixed acid to 1‐nitronaphthalene

Liang

et al. 2022

AIChE Journal

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In this study, different calorimetric and analytical techniques were used to evaluate the thermal behavior of the preparation of 1-nitronaphthalene through the nitration of naphthalene with mixed acid. Differential scanning calorimetry and adiabatic calorimetry revealed that 1-nitronaphthalene lacks thermal decomposition characteristics. The results of reaction calorimetry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and the density function theory method were combined to analyze the reaction mechanism. An expanded Stoessel criticality diagram was developed to evaluate the process safety of the semibatch nitration reaction. The results revealed a higher degree of risk than that obtained when using the traditional Stoessel criticality diagram. Kinetics parameters of the reaction were investigated.

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Thermal hazard evaluation of cyclohexanone peroxide synthesis

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Integrating Wildfires Propagation Prediction Into Early Warning of Electrical Transmission Line Outages

Integrating Wildfires Propagation Prediction Into Early Warning of Electrical Transmission Line Outages

Prediction of thermal hazard for TBPTMH mixed with BPO through DSC and isoconversional kinetics analysis

Process safety assessment of semibatch nitration of naphthalene with mixed acid to 1‐nitronaphthalene

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