In this study, different calorimetric and analytical techniques were used to evaluate the thermal behavior of the preparation of 1-nitronaphthalene through the nitration of naphthalene with mixed acid. Differential scanning calorimetry and adiabatic calorimetry revealed that 1-nitronaphthalene lacks thermal decomposition characteristics. The results of reaction calorimetry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and the density function theory method were combined to analyze the reaction mechanism. An expanded Stoessel criticality diagram was developed to evaluate the process safety of the semibatch nitration reaction. The results revealed a higher degree of risk than that obtained when using the traditional Stoessel criticality diagram. Kinetics parameters of the reaction were investigated.
This paper investigates the effects of passenger blockage on smoke flow properties in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires. A series of numerical simulations were conducted in a 1/5 small-scale tunnel with the different heat release rates (50-100 kW), longitudinal ventilation velocities (0.5-1 m/s), passenger blockage lengths (2-6 m), and ratios (0.17-0.267). The typical smoke flow properties in different tunnel fire scenarios are analyzed, and the results show that under the same heat release rate and longitudinal ventilation velocity, the smoke back-layering length, maximum smoke temperature, and downstream smoke layer height decrease with increasing passenger blockage length or ratio. The Li correlations can well predict the smoke backlayering length and maximum smoke temperature in tunnel fire scenarios without the passenger blockage. When the passenger blockage exists, the modified local ventilation velocity that takes the blockage length and ratio into account has been proposed to correct the Li correlations. The smoke back-layering length and maximum smoke temperature with the different blockage lengths and ratios can be predicted by the modified correlations, which are shown to well reproduce the simulation results. K E Y W O R D S passenger blockage, smoke flow, tunnel fire
In this study, different calorimetric and analytical techniques were
used to evaluate the thermal behaviour of the preparation of
1-nitronaphthalene through the nitration of naphthalene with mixed acid.
Differential scanning calorimetry and adiabatic calorimetry revealed
that 1-nitronaphthalene lacks thermal decomposition characteristics. The
results of reaction calorimetry, high-performance liquid chromatography,
and the density function theory method were combined to analyse the
reaction mechanism. An expanded Stoessel criticality diagram was
developed to evaluate the process safety of the semibatch nitration
reaction. The results revealed a higher degree of risk than that
obtained when using the traditional Stoessel criticality diagram.
Kinetics parameters of the reaction were investigated.
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