Ionosorbed oxygen
is the key player in reactions on metal-oxide
surfaces. This is particularly evident for chemiresistive gas sensors,
which operate by modulating the conductivity of active materials through
the formation/removal of surface O-related acceptors. Strikingly though,
the exact type of species behind the sensing response remains obscure
even for the most common material systems. The paradigm for
ab initio
modeling to date has been centered around charge-neutral
surface species, ignoring the fact that molecular adsorbates are required
to ionize to induce the sensing response. Herein, we resolve this
inconsistency by carrying out a careful analysis of all charged O-related
species on three naturally occurring surfaces of SnO
2
.
We reveal that two types of surface acceptors can form spontaneously
upon the adsorption of atmospheric oxygen: (i) superoxide O
2
–
on the (110) and the (101) surfaces and (ii)
doubly ionized O
2–
on the (100) facet, with the
previous experimental evidence pointing to the latter as the source
of sensing response. This species has a unique geometry involving
a large displacement of surface Sn, forcing it to attain the coordination
resembling that of Sn
2+
in SnO, which seems necessary to
stabilize O
2–
and activate metal-oxide surfaces
for gas sensing.