Thermal design analysis of a 1 L cryogenic liquid hydrogen tank for an unmanned aerial vehicle

Kang, Hyungmook; Kim, Seo Young

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.09.169

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…With regard to the commercial solutions listed in papers [26][27][28][29][30], efforts undertaken in many aerospace or fuel cell research laboratories are also focused on conducting a series of modelling and simulations concerning optimization of PEMFC stack performance in hybrid power sources under UAV flight. Most of these are also confirmed by experimental investigations in stationary conditions by testing under variable electrical loads [32][33][34]. The increase in durability of PEMFC stacks under variable electrical loads in different conditions is one of the main strategical goals for developing the technology of hybrid propulsion systems for application in UAVs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Selected Aspects of Designing Modular PEMFC Stacks as Power Sources for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

et al. 2021

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Two types of air-cooled modular polymer membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) stacks with full equipment were constructed and investigated as components of hybrid power sources. The first, a 2-kW PEMFC stack, was assembled from two 1-kW PEMFC modules electrically connected in parallel and compared with a commercial PEMFC stack built from one 2-kW PEMFC module. The second, a 500-W PEMFC stack, was assembled with three modules connected in parallel. It was found that the two-module PEMFC stack was capable of operation with nominal power of 2 kW. Analysis of the distribution of the air cooling system in both modules was also conducted. The two-module PEMFC stack reduced hydrogen consumption compared to the reference 2-kW PEMFC stack consisting of only one module. The elaborated two-module PEMFC stack was successfully tested in a propulsion system designed to supply an electrical engine with a propeller. The electrical performance of the three-module PEMFC stack was tested separately as well as in a hybrid system in connection with a 5 s Li-Pol battery. It was found that the elaborated PEMFC stack was capable of operation with nominal power of 500 W and variable rapid dynamic electrical loads. It was also successfully tested as a power source to supply servomechanisms and other auxiliary devices.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Selected Aspects of Designing Modular PEMFC Stacks as Power Sources for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

et al. 2021

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“…Kang [4,5] simulated thermal stratification by various heat ingresses in a conventional LNG tank using finite element analysis (FEA) and verified the accuracy of the analysis by measuring the axial temperature distribution through experiments. The numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental values and showed that thermal stratification is strongly influenced by the thermal aspect ratio determined by the filling height of the storage tank.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Liquid hydrogen has the best storage capacity per unit mass and is economical among the methods for using hydrogen as fuel [1,2]. Thus, great efforts have recently been made to develop liquified hydrogen tanks as a fuel storage method for launch vehicle applications, subsonic transport aircraft [3], unmanned aerial vehicles [4,5] and liquid hydrogen-fueled automobiles [2,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CFD Thermo-Hydraulic Evaluation of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank with Different Insulation Thickness in a Small-Scale Hydrogen Liquefier

Jeong,

Lee,

Moon

2023

Fluids

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Accurate evaluation of thermo-fluid dynamic characteristics in tanks is critically important for designing liquid hydrogen tanks for small-scale hydrogen liquefiers to minimize heat leakage into the liquid and ullage. Due to the high costs, most future liquid hydrogen storage tank designs will have to rely on predictive computational models for minimizing pressurization and heat leakage. Therefore, in this study, to improve the storage efficiency of a small-scale hydrogen liquefier, a three-dimensional CFD model that can predict the boil-off rate and the thermo-fluid characteristics due to heat penetration has been developed. The prediction performance and accuracy of the CFD model was validated based on comparisons between its results and previous experimental data, and a good agreement was obtained. To evaluate the insulation performance of polyurethane foam with three different insulation thicknesses, the pressure changes and thermo-fluid characteristics in a partially liquid hydrogen tank, subject to fixed ambient temperature and wind velocity, were investigated numerically. It was confirmed that the numerical simulation results well describe not only the temporal variations in the thermal gradient due to coupling between the buoyance and convection, but also the buoyancy-driven turbulent flow characteristics inside liquid hydrogen storage tanks with different insulation thicknesses. In the future, the numerical model developed in this study will be used for optimizing the insulation systems of storage tanks for small-scale hydrogen liquefiers, which is a cost-effective and highly efficient approach.

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“…To do this, in this study, the conventional aircraft equations are used. The performance of the UAV propulsion system depends on its weight and operating altitude 42 . The fuel cell studied in this study operates with hydrogen fuel and, because the molecular weight of H 2 is low, it causes the weight of the UAV to be low during the mission.…”

Section: System Layoutmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The performance of the UAV propulsion system depends on its weight and operating altitude. 42 The fuel cell studied in this study operates with hydrogen fuel and, because the molecular weight of H 2 is low, it causes the weight of the UAV to be low during the mission. The relationships required for UAV constraint analysis (determining power required in different flight modes) are presented in Table 2.…”

Section: Uav Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance evaluation of two proton exchange membrane and alkaline fuel cells for use inUAVsby investigating the effect of operating altitude

Rostami¹,

Manshadi²,

Afshari

2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary Fuel cells today have a variety of applications, such as fueling vehicles, which lead to a reduction in conventional fuel consumption and environmental pollution. On the other hand, in the present era, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is known as one of the most important unmanned systems for delivering postal packages, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, and military target. However, the performance of fuel cells is affected by their operating pressure and temperature. In addition, due to some political and technical considerations, the performance of these systems (especially UAV based on fuel cells) is very rare in the literature. The present work provides a conceptual design of UAV propulsion system based on a fuel cell system and a battery. The performance of two different fuel cells, namely the alkaline fuel cell (AFC) and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), is examined separately and compared. Mission and constraint analyses of the system, as well as weight distribution of UAV, are provided. Furthermore, the performance of the UAV propulsion system in different flight modes and the performance of fuel cells under atmospheric conditions are discussed. It should be noted that reference UAV data are used for input parameters. It was found that the total power required by the UAV to carry out the mission is equal to 1253.7 W, which the share of takeoff, climb, cruise, and maximum speed flight modes were 321.3, 608.5, 118.3, and 205.6 W, respectively. Furthermore, the UAV under study, in this paper, has flight endurance of about 7.4 hours. Also, the required area of the PEMFC and AFC to supply the UAV power under the study conditions is about 0.03 and 0.6 m2, respectively. Finally, it observed that with increasing altitude (in the absence of a heating system) the performance of both fuel cells is greatly reduced.

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Thermal design analysis of a 1 L cryogenic liquid hydrogen tank for an unmanned aerial vehicle

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Selected Aspects of Designing Modular PEMFC Stacks as Power Sources for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Selected Aspects of Designing Modular PEMFC Stacks as Power Sources for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

CFD Thermo-Hydraulic Evaluation of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank with Different Insulation Thickness in a Small-Scale Hydrogen Liquefier

Performance evaluation of two proton exchange membrane and alkaline fuel cells for use inUAVsby investigating the effect of operating altitude

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