Thermal degradation process of the cured phenolic triazine thermoset resin (Primaset® PT-30). Part I. Systematic non-isothermal kinetic analysis

Janković, Bojan

doi:10.1016/j.tca.2011.03.014

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…By avoiding aliphatic network junctions, themochemical stability comparable to Primaset PT-30 was maintained in the more flexible network formed from cured 1 , as illustrated by the comparative TGA data in Figure . Note that 2 shows similar thermochemical degradation behavior to that previously reported for PT-30, , as expected. The char yields of over 70% at 600 °C in both nitrogen and air observed in cured 1 are among the best known for cyanate esters, though many other recent approaches − may ultimately provide better heat and flame resistance overall, and more detailed long-term testing will be needed to determine the applicability of these results to, for example, the thermo-oxidative stability of composite structures.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Polycyanurate Networks with Enhanced Segmental Flexibility and Outstanding Thermochemical Stability

et al. 2012

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The synthesis and physical properties of cyanurate networks formed from two new tricyanate monomers, 1,3,5tris[(4-cyanatophenylmethyl]benzene and 3,5-bis [(4-cyanatophenylmethyl)]phenylcyanate, are reported and compared to those of 1,1,1-tris [(4-cyanatophenyl)]ethane (also known as ESR-255). All three networks possessed somewhat different aromatic contents and cross-link densities; however, the thermochemical stability of these networks, as determined by TGA, was outstanding, with that of 1,3,5-tris[(4-cyanatophenylmethyl)]benzene being among the best known for organic cyanate esters despite its comparatively high segmental flexibility. Moreover, the moisture uptake of cured 1,3,5-tris[(4-cyanatophenylmethyl)]benzene, at 2.2% after 96 h immersed in 85 °C water, was comparatively low for a cyanate ester network with a glass transition temperature of 320 °C at full cure. When cured for 24 h at 210 °C, the dry glass transition temperatures of the networks ranged from 245 to 285 °C, while the wet glass transition temperatures ranged from 225 to 240 °C. The similarity in glass transition temperatures resulted from a lower extent of cure in the networks with more rigid segments. In essence, for networks with very high glass transition temperatures at full cure, the process conditions, rather than the rigidity of the network, determined the attainable glass transition temperature. Because networks with a higher extent of cure tend to exhibit slower long-term degradation, in this case, the networks with greater segment flexibility enabled superior performance despite exhibiting a lower glass transition temperature at full cure. These results illustrate that, in contrast to the prevailing heuristics for improving the performance of high-temperature thermosetting polymer networks, a more flexible network with a lower glass transition temperature at full cure can offer an optimal combination of thermomechanical and thermochemical performance.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Polycyanurate Networks with Enhanced Segmental Flexibility and Outstanding Thermochemical Stability

et al. 2012

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“…Spectra were scanned from 500 to 4000 cm −1 at 293 K. The degree of conversion (α) of the composite samples was evaluated as follows:

α = \frac{Δ H}{H_{total}}

where Δ H is the reaction exotherm at a certain curing temperature and H total is the total reaction exotherm. To calculate the degrees of curing of the MW‐cured composite samples, the most widely used kinetic method for cured resin systems was used:

\frac{d α}{d t} = β \frac{d α}{d T} = k (T) f (α)

where β = dT / dt, k ( T ) is the reaction rate constant, f (α) is the reaction model, and d α/ dt is the rate of conversion. k ( T ) only depends on the temperature, which can be obtained according to the Arrhenius law:

k (T) = A \exp (- \frac{E}{R T})

where A is the frequency factor, E is the activation energy, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the curing temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where DH is the reaction exotherm at a certain curing temperature and H total is the total reaction exotherm. To calculate the degrees of curing of the MW-cured composite samples, the most widely used kinetic method for cured resin systems was used 25 :…”

Section: Nonisothermal Curing Kinetics Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics modeling of carbon‐fiber‐reinforced bismaleimide composites under microwave and thermal curing

Zhang

et al. 2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This article focuses on the analysis of the curing kinetics of carbon-fiber-reinforced bismaleimide (BMI) composites during microwave (MW) curing. A nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method was used to obtain an accurate kinetic model. The degree of curing, chemical characterization, and glass-transition temperature of the resin and composites cured by thermal and MW heating were analyzed with DSC, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The experimental results indicate that MW accelerated the crosslinking reaction of the BMI resin and had different effects on the reaction processes, especially for the glass-transition temperature and chemical bonds. However, the curing reaction rate of the BMI resin decreased when the carbon fibers were added to the BMI resin during thermal and MW curing. According to the experimental results, the curing kinetic model of the BMI composite was used to provide a theoretical foundation for MW curing analysis.

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“…One cyanate ester that shows potential as an easily processed and high-performance structural element is the phenolic triazine (PT) type cyanate ester. These materials show ideal glass transition temperatures above 400 • C, given their rigid molecular structures, while simultaneously having low viscosity at low temperatures that allow them to be composited through various resin infusion manufacturing methods [12]. The promising thermal and mechanical properties of PT30 resins have sparked interest from researchers to develop these materials for further implementation in composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties of High-Temperature Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Composites with Plain Weave and Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Fillers

et al. 2022

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Fiber-reinforced thermoset composites are a class of materials that address the arising needs from the aerospace and hypersonic industries for high specific strength, temperature-resistant structural materials. Among the high-temperature resistant thermoset categories, phenolic triazine (PT) cyanate esters stand out thanks to their inherent high degradation temperature, glass transition temperature, and mechanical strength. Despite the outstanding properties of these thermosets, the performance of carbon fiber composites using PT cyanate esters as matrices has not been thoroughly characterized. This work evaluated PT and carbon fiber composites’ compressive properties and failure mechanisms with different fiber arrangements. A PT resin with both plain weave (PW) and non-crimped unidirectional (UD) carbon fiber mats was analyzed in this research. Highly loaded thermoset composites were obtained using process temperatures not exceeding 260 °C, and the composites proved to retain compressive strength at temperatures beyond 300 °C. Compressive testing revealed that PT composites retained compressive strength values of 50.4% of room temperature for UD composites and 61.4% for PW composites. Post-compressive failure observations of the gage section revealed that the mechanisms for failure evolved with temperature from brittle, delamination-dominant failure to shear-like failure promoted by the plastic failure of the matrix. This study demonstrated that PT composites are a good candidate for structural applications in harsh environments.

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Thermal degradation process of the cured phenolic triazine thermoset resin (Primaset® PT-30). Part I. Systematic non-isothermal kinetic analysis

Cited by 14 publications

References 46 publications

Polycyanurate Networks with Enhanced Segmental Flexibility and Outstanding Thermochemical Stability

Polycyanurate Networks with Enhanced Segmental Flexibility and Outstanding Thermochemical Stability

Kinetics modeling of carbon‐fiber‐reinforced bismaleimide composites under microwave and thermal curing

Mechanical Properties of High-Temperature Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Composites with Plain Weave and Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Fillers

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