Thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride)

Marongiu, Alessandro; Faravelli, Tiziano; Bozzano, Giulia; Dente, Mario; Ranzi, E.

doi:10.1016/s0165-2370(03)00024-x

Cited by 180 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The weight loss curves showed degradation of samples above 260 o C in two steps. The major degradation in the temperature range 260-310 o C is attributed to dehydrochlorination 24 . Molecular reaction and radical propagation reactions become more probable and contribute to the cleavage of C -Cl bond.…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural, Thermal and Optical Properties of Pure and Mn2+ Doped Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films

et al. 2016

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Pure and Mn2+ doped poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) polymer films were prepared using the solution cast technique. The prepared samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies. TGA/DSC analysis reveals that the sample is thermally stable upto 350 0C. The morphology of the polymer films was studied by SEM. The optical absorbance of the polymer films was measured in the 200-900 nm wavelength range. The absorption edge, direct band gap and indirect band gap have been evaluated. The FTIR spectrum exhibits several bands characteristics of stretching and bending vibrations of C -Cl, C -H, C = C and O -H groups. The EPR Spectra at room temperature were used to calculate the number of spins and paramagnetic susceptibility as a function of dopant concentration. All the Mn 2+ doped PVC samples exhibit a signal centred at g eff = 1.9. The observed variation in the EPR signal intensity is due to the variation in the dopant concentration. The complexation of Mn 2+ ion with the polymer was confirmed by XRD studies.

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Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural, Thermal and Optical Properties of Pure and Mn2+ Doped Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films

et al. 2016

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“…The reaction mechanism of polymerization passes four stages during the plastic degradation process: initiation, propagation, hydrogen transfer, and termination reactions. Through the initiation reaction process, there are three types of cracking or reforming processes: random, end chain, and chain strip cracking (Bockhorn et al, 1999;Faravelli et al, 1999Faravelli et al, , 2003Kruse et al, 2001Kruse et al, , 2002Kruse et al, , 2003Kruse et al, , 2005Broadbelt, 2008, 2009;Marongiu et al, 2003Marongiu et al, , 2007Poutsma, 2003Poutsma, , 2005Poutsma, , 2009Westerhout et al, 1997a,b) They are determined by the side functional group on the plastic molecular carbon backbone. Then, there are propagation reactions, especially β-scission, (Vinu and Broadbelt, 2012b) which is the cracking of large molecular weight.…”

Section: Figure (4) Schematic Illustrating the Complex Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying and Evaluating Sustainable Materials for Converting Plastic Waste to Fuel

Abdelrahman¹,

Dosky²,

Mohamed³

et al. 2018

EER

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Gasification is one of the most important solutions for plastic waste management. We researched the conversion of plastic waste to fuel using sustainable material (Nano Clay) modified with Nano transition metals (TiO 2 , MnO, and ZnO). This was processed in a fix bed reactor design. After studying the reaction mechanism of the gasification process, we evaluated the optimize (reactor temperature, reaction time and feeding ratio of the modified catalyst) on the gasification process with its application for the modified catalyst on the degradation of polyethylene high density(PEHD), other waste plastic to fuel (CH 4 , H 2 , and other light component gasses). This method can be used as an important resource for renewable energy (like generating electricity and clean fuel), rather than waste for landfills and the incineration process which is the main source of CO 2 emissions.

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“…Benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons were also formed due to cyclization reactions in the first and second stages. Detailed mechanisms for the dehydrochlorination and subsequent hydrocarbon formation during PVC pyrolysis were summarized previously 53), 54) .…”

Section: Pvcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dehydrochlorination of PVC is a seemingly simple reaction, expected to form only HCl and polyene structures. However, as the extent of dehydrochlorination increases and polyene structures become dominant, a series of terminating reactions occur, such as cyclization and crosslinking, locking the remaining chloride within stable structures 53), 54 ) . Removal of these isolated chloride atoms is extremely difficult, so complete chlorine removal through only dry treatment is difficult.…”

Section: Pvcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feedstock Recycling <i>via</i> Waste Plastic Pyrolysis

Kumagai

2016

J. Jpn. Petrol. Inst.

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Plastics are essential materials for various products such as packaging and containers, electrical and electronic equipment, and automobiles. Japanese production of polymers was reported as 10.6 million t in 2014 1) , with the majority prepared from finite fossil resources. Currently, in excess of 150 and 200 different types of polymers and additives, respectively, are produced and distributed within Japan 2 ) . Metals and fillers are further mixed with these products to achieve the desired properties, giving innumerable combinations. Thus, no single recycling technique can treat all types of waste plastics. Consequently, waste plastics are commonly treated by mechanical recycling, feedstock recycling, and energy recovery, depending on the waste composition and the purpose of the recycled products.The Plastic Waste Management Institute reported that 9.3 million t of waste plastics were collected in 2014 in Japan 1 ) . The utilized rate (mechanical recycling feedstock recycling energy recovery) for collected waste plastics was 83 %, and is increasing yearly. Utilization can be broken down into 70 % energy recovery, 26 % mechanical recycling, and 4 % feedstock recycling. According to the Basic Law for Establishing the Recycling-based Society, the order of priority of these techniques is as follows: mechanical recycling feedstock recycling energy recovery. Therefore, the ideal and actual situations show a wide gap.Feedstock recycling is a growing field in Japan, but is challenging due to the mismatch with current domestic recycling systems. However, advances in research and technical development show the potential to achieve an advanced recycling-based society. In Japan, monomerization, blast furnace reduction, coke oven chemical feedstock recycling, liquefaction, and gasification are categorized as feedstock recycling. In this paper, we focus on liquefaction and gasification, which are based on the pyrolysis technique.Pyrolysis converts polymeric materials into gases, liquids, and solids at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. This process cleaves various chemical bonds in polymers and additives by the action of only heat, which is advantageous for low-purity waste that cannot be treated by mechanical recycling. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) are the main polymeric materials produced worldwide, so have been widely studied. In addition, these materials are good quality carbon and hydrogen resources (PE and PP: 86 % C and 14 % H; PS: 92 % C and 8 % H). In contrast, the pyrolysis of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Recycling of waste plastics is essential for reducing environmental degradation and ensuring future resource security. The quantity of domestic plastic waste recycled is increasing yearly, reaching 83 % in 2014. However, only 26 % and 4 % of the recycled waste plastic is treated by mechanical and feedstock recycling, respectively, whereas 70 % is treated by energy recovery (incineration). Therefore, the mechanical and feedstock recycling ra...

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Thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride)

Cited by 180 publications

References 39 publications

Structural, Thermal and Optical Properties of Pure and Mn2+ Doped Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films

Structural, Thermal and Optical Properties of Pure and Mn2+ Doped Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films

Studying and Evaluating Sustainable Materials for Converting Plastic Waste to Fuel

Feedstock Recycling <i>via</i> Waste Plastic Pyrolysis

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