Thermal activated (“thermal”) battery technology

Masset, Patrick J.; Guidotti, Ronald A.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.073

Cited by 147 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 39 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In the voltage range from OCV 2.58 V to 1.25 V, the CoNi 2 S 4 has an overall capacity of 318 mA h g −1 which is comparable to that of the well-known metal disulfides FeS 2 , CoS 2 and NiS 2 (390, 414 and 413 mA h g −1 , respectively) as shown in Table III. 6,19,[20][21][22][23] The advantage of CoNi 2 S 4 is that this capacity comes from one 'single' discharge process compared to that of MS 2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) which exhibit 'two' discharge processes. The discharge voltage of CoNi 2 S 4 decreases gradually from 1.60 V to 1.25 V, unlike in the case of the FeS 2 , CoS 2 and NiS 2 which exhibit sharper fall-off in voltage in this region.…”

Section: Electrochemical Investigation Of Coni 2 S 4 At 500mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of CoNi₂S₄as a Novel Cathode Material in a Primary Li Thermal Battery

Giagloglou

Payne

Crouch

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this work CoNi 2 S 4 was investigated as a candidate cathode material for Li thermal batteries. The CoNi 2 S 4 was synthesized by a solid state reaction at 550 • C in a sealed quartz tube. Neutron powder diffraction was utilized to confirm normal spinel structure up to 200 • C, however, there was cation disorder above this temperature. The electrochemical properties of the batteries were investigated at 500 • C by galvanostatic discharge to elucidate the mechanism and the products NiS, Co 3 S 4 and Co 9 S 8 of the discharge mechanism were confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction. CoNi 2 S 4 exhibits two voltage plateaus vs Li 13 Si 4 at 500 • C, one at 1.75 V and the second at 1.50 V. CoNi 2 S 4 has an overall capacity of 318 mA h g −1 from OCV 2.58 V to 1.25 V vs Li 13 Si 4 which is comparable to that of the well-known metal disulfides. Today the human society and technology progress in electric vehicles, medical equipments, military applications and space technology require power systems with high energy, safety and long shelf -life characteristics. There are different kind of power systems such as supercapacitors, fuel cells and thermal batteries for this goal. Thermal batteries are electrochemical devices that offer a direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy by an electrochemical oxidationreduction reaction at high temperature (>300• C) utilizing a molten salt electrolyte. Thermal batteries are primary batteries which find use in a number of applications as they are known for their long shelf life and ability to be discharged at particularly high rates when compared to other types of batteries.1 A key component of thermal batteries is the halide salt electrolyte that is a solid at ambient temperatures which gives the cells their long life but melts in the 300-500• C region. 2 This solid -liquid phase transition leads to the electrolyte becoming ionically conductive and allowing the ions to transfer between the anode and the cathode. Thermal batteries typically use a lithium alloy as the anode, a halide salt eutectic as the electrolyte, an insulating porous material as the separator and a transition metal sulfide as the cathode. The Li 13 Si 4 alloy is often used as the anode as the lithium diffusion in silicon (10 −8 cm −2 s −1 ) is greater than in other alloys 3 and has moisture stability as well as it staying solid at the operating temperature. The discharge reaction of Li 13 Si 4 to Li 7 Si 3 at a potential of 0.157 V against Li metal at 415• C corresponds to a capacity of 485 mA h g −1 .4The electrolyte that has been used in this work is the lithium chloride -potassium chloride eutectic which has a melting point of around 354• C and requires a minimum of 35 wt% MgO as a separator. 5 The most common transition metal disulfides to be used as cathodes are FeS 2 , NiS 2 or CoS 2 and all of these materials exhibit a potential of ∼ 1.70 V vs Li 13 Si 4 at the beginning of their discharge but also have further electrochemical transitions to complete the reduction to the transition metal. 6 T...

show abstract

Section: Electrochemical Investigation Of Coni 2 S 4 At 500mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of CoNi₂S₄as a Novel Cathode Material in a Primary Li Thermal Battery

Giagloglou

Payne

Crouch

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…열전지의 전해질은 평상 시 이온 전도도가 없는 고체상태로 존재하기 때문에 자가방전 (self-discharge)이 없어 20년 이상 장기 보관이 가능하 다 [1] . 열전지는 필요시 외부 신호에 의해 내부 착화기 [2] . 따라서 열 전지는 내부 열손실을 막기 위하여 상하부 및 측면부 에 단열재로 둘러 싸여 있다.…”

Section: 열전지(Thermal Battery)는 재충전이 불가능한 1차전지unclassified

A Study on the Thermal Deformation of Current Collectors by Burning Heat Pellets in Thermal Batteries

Ji¹,

Kim

Kim³

et al. 2012

Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technolo

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Thermal batteries are primary batteries that use molten salts as an electrolyte and employ an internal pyrotechnic source to heat the battery stack to operating temperatures, typically between 450 and 550 ℃. The unit cell of thermal batteries consists of an anode, an electrolyte, a cathode, a heat pellet and a current collector. The heat source for such batteries is typically heat pellets based on Fe/KClO4. The elevated temperature by combustion of heat pellet is supposed to cause a flatness non-uniformity, buckling, with a lateral extension diameter of current collector. This paper mainly focused on the combustion and buckling model of current collector to simulate the effect of heat source. Mechanical stresses in the current collector caused by thermal stress is a critical design consideration of thermal batteries because the internal short circuit could be occurred.

show abstract

“…In contrast, CoS2 would produce impurities during synthesis and storage, which would lead to an increase in resistivity and polarization and decrease in thermal stability, further affecting the electrochemical performance of thermal batteries [20]. Meanwhile, the discharge voltages of the single cells of FeS2 and CoS2 sulfide thermal batteries are both below 2.0 V [21,22]. For the above reasons, these materials are not suitable for high power and energy output capability, miniaturization, and micromation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable-temperature preparation and performance of NiCl2 as a cathode material for thermal batteries

Liu

et al. 2017

Sci. China Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nickel(II) chloride materials were synthesized via a novel two-step variable-temperature method for the use as a cathode material in Li-B/NiCl2 cells with the LiCl-LiBrLiF electrolyte. The influence of temperature on its structure, surface morphology, and electrochemical performance was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical measurements of single cells. XRD results showed that after pre-dehydration for 2 h at 270°C followed by sintering for 5 h at 600°C, the crystal water in nickel chloride hexahydrate could be removed effectively. The SEM results showed that particles recombined to form larger coarse particles and presented a layered structure. Discharge tests showed that the 600°C-treated materials demonstrated remarkable specific c apacities of 210.42 and 242.84 mA h g −1 at constant currents of 0.5 and 2.0 A, respectively. Therefore, the Li-B/NiCl2 thermal battery showed excellent discharge performance. The present work demonstrates that NiCl2 is a promising cathode material for thermal batteries and this two-step variable-temperature method is a simple and useful method for the fabrication of NiCl2 materials.

show abstract

Thermal activated (“thermal”) battery technology

Cited by 147 publications

References 39 publications

Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of CoNi₂S₄as a Novel Cathode Material in a Primary Li Thermal Battery

Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of CoNi₂S₄as a Novel Cathode Material in a Primary Li Thermal Battery

A Study on the Thermal Deformation of Current Collectors by Burning Heat Pellets in Thermal Batteries

Variable-temperature preparation and performance of NiCl2 as a cathode material for thermal batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Thermal activated (“thermal”) battery technology

Cited by 147 publications

References 39 publications

Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of CoNi2S4as a Novel Cathode Material in a Primary Li Thermal Battery

Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of CoNi2S4as a Novel Cathode Material in a Primary Li Thermal Battery

A Study on the Thermal Deformation of Current Collectors by Burning Heat Pellets in Thermal Batteries

Variable-temperature preparation and performance of NiCl2 as a cathode material for thermal batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of CoNi₂S₄as a Novel Cathode Material in a Primary Li Thermal Battery

Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of CoNi₂S₄as a Novel Cathode Material in a Primary Li Thermal Battery