Therapies for type 2 diabetes: lowering HbA1c and associated cardiovascular risk factors

Abstract

ObjectivesTo summarize data supporting the effects of antidiabetes agents on glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsStudies reporting on the effects of antidiabetes agents on glycemic control, body weight, lipid levels, and blood pressure parameters are reviewed and summarized for the purpose of selecting optimal therapeutic regimens for patients with type 2 diabetes.ResultsNational guidelines recommend the aggressive management of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes, including weight loss and achieving lipid and blood pressure treatment goals. All antidiabetes pharmacotherapies lower glucose; however, effects on cardiovascular risk factors vary greatly among agents. While thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, and insulin are associated with weight gain, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors are considered weight neutral and metformin can be weight neutral or associated with a small weight loss. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and amylinomimetics (e.g. pramlintide) result in weight loss. Additionally, metformin, thiazolidinediones, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have demonstrated beneficial effects on lipid and blood pressure parameters.ConclusionManagement of the cardiovascular risk factors experienced by patients with type 2 diabetes requires a multidisciplinary approach with implementation of treatment strategies to achieve not only glycemic goals but to improve and/or correct the underlying cardiovascular risk factors.

HbA1c as a Predictor of Dyslipidemia in Algerian Type 2 Diabetic Patients

“…HbA1c measurement helps to control diabetes mellitus and helps identifying dyslipidemia [20]. In addition, another study reported that intensive glycemic control is associated with reduced cardiovascular events [21]. HbA1c is also used as a predictor of dyslipidemia in T2DM.…”

Targeted Metabolomics for Clinical Biomarker Discovery in Multifactorial Diseases

“…This number is expected to increase every year, even double over the next decade, and the trend is similar all over the world (European Kidney Health Alliance, 2011;James et al, 2010). One of the major reasons for this is the dramatic increase of T2D, accounting for up to 95 % of the total diabetes incidence (American Diabetes Association, 2000; Kurukulasuriya, & Sowers, 2010;Ritz & Stefanski, 1996). Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most severe complications of diabetes and by far the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD; Susztak & Bottinger, 2006).…”

Appropriate physical activity and dietary intake achieve optimal metabolic control in older type 2 diabetes patients

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