Therapeutic potential of total homocysteine-lowering drugs on cardiovascular disease

Abstract

An elevated total homocysteine (tHcy) plasma concentration is associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease in the general population and in patients with impaired renal function. The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinaemia (plasma levels above 15 micromol/l) in the general population is less than 5% and can be as high as 50% in patients with vascular disease. In patients with renal insufficiency, elevated tHcy plasma levels are detected in 50 - 100% of the patients. Total homocysteine plasma levels can be lowered or normalised by folic acid and/or vitamin B(6) and vitamin B(12) supplementation. In patients with advanced chronic renal insufficiency or end-stage renal disease, hyperhomocysteinaemia is partially resistant to folic acid or vitamin therapy. However, higher tHcy plasma levels may also reflect tissue damage and the increase in Hcy after an acute incident such as stroke or myocardial infarction may be necessary for tissue repair mechanisms. This implies, that lowering tHcy may even be harmful to some patients. Currently, prospective studies are underway to clarify whether folate supplementation, with or without additional other vitamins, improves cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in the general population, as well as in renal failure patients. While population-wide screening for and treatment of hyperhomocysteinaemia is generally not recommended, treatment of high risk patients may be considered.

Relationship between Folic Acid Supplementation, Serum Homocysteine and Markers of Kidney Function in Male Albino Rats

“…While population-wide screening for and treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia is generally not recommended, treatment of high risk patients may be considered. (28 ). Disagreement with the present study The causes of hyperhomocysteindemia in renal failure remain obscure.…”

Homocysteine—Potential Novel Diagnostic Indicator of Health and Disease in Horses

“…Methionine synthesis requires riboflavin (vitamin B2) and cobalamin (vitamin B12) as cofactors [ 11 , 12 ], whilst the transsulfuration of Hcy to cysteine requires pyridoxine (vitamin B6) [ 13 ]. Deficiencies of vitamins B2, B6 and B12 contribute to harmful hyperhomocysteinemia, and their supplementation reduces its effects [ 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”