Abstract:The present findings will be of interest to physicians, laboratory scientists, those involved in drug development and surveillance and individuals making health care policy.
“…Monoclonal antibodies provide higher specificity than polyclonal counterparts because they recognize a single epitope, fact that avoids cross reactions with non-specific proteins [49] . In addition, monoclonal antibodies also favor reproducibility since they do not change batch to batch and therefore, they are widely used for clinic diagnosis [50] . Figure 5 Selectivity of the 3D-printed COVID-19 immunosensor.…”
“…Monoclonal antibodies provide higher specificity than polyclonal counterparts because they recognize a single epitope, fact that avoids cross reactions with non-specific proteins [49] . In addition, monoclonal antibodies also favor reproducibility since they do not change batch to batch and therefore, they are widely used for clinic diagnosis [50] . Figure 5 Selectivity of the 3D-printed COVID-19 immunosensor.…”
“…Monoclonal antibodies interfere with a variety of laboratory tests. 44 For example, daratumumab (Darzalex) FDAapproved in 2015 for treatment of multiple myeloma, interferes with indirect antiglobulin tests (indirect Coombs test), serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), and immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) assays. 45 Omalizumab (Xolair) complexes with immunoglobulin E (IgE) elevating serum total IgE for up to a year following administration.…”
After completing this chapter, the reader should be able toNote: This chapter is based, in part, on the second edition chapter titled "Definitions and Concepts, " which was written by Scott L. Traub.
“…Antibodies are well-known to be able to recognize cancers, especially receptors or surface antigens highly expressed on cancer cells. Since the first tumor antigen-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb) was developed in 1975 [76], a number of mAbs have received FDA approval for cancer therapy; however, some of them are still undergoing clinical trials [77]. In fact, antibody-based immune therapy has been used to treat cancer, and the high affinities and specificities of antibodies for their targets have also been used to guide drug delivery by carriers, including LBDDSs [78,79].…”
Section: Strategies For Targeting the Tumor Regionmentioning
Designing new drug delivery systems (DDSs) for safer cancer therapy during pre-clinical and clinical applications still constitutes a considerable challenge, despite advances made in related fields. Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDSs) have emerged as biocompatible candidates that overcome many biological obstacles. In particular, a combination of the merits of lipid carriers and functional polymers has maximized drug delivery efficiency. Functionalization of LBDDSs enables the accumulation of anti-cancer drugs at target destinations, which means they are more effective at controlled drug release in tumor microenvironments (TMEs). This review highlights the various types of ligands used to achieve tumor-specific delivery and discusses the strategies used to achieve the effective release of drugs in TMEs and not into healthy tissues. Moreover, innovative recent designs of LBDDSs are also described. These smart systems offer great potential for more advanced cancer therapies that address the challenges posed in this research area.
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