Therapeutic modalities to combat leishmaniasis, a review

Iqbal, Hamid; Ishfaq, Muhammad; Wahab, Abdul; Abbas, Muhammad; Ahmad, Ijaz; Rehman, Ali; Z̲ākir, Muḥammad

doi:10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60975-6

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In Sb-refractory cases, injectable pentamidine, amphotericin B or paromomycin are used. Pentamidine acts on the DNA synthesis of the parasite and has similar efficacy to antimonials, but also produces side effects such as hypoglycemia, diabetes, tachycardia, hypotension, nephrotoxicity and pain at the site of administration [44]. Like antimonials, cases of pentamidine resistance have been increasing, compromising their use in many endemic regions [45].…”

Section: Systemic Therapies 21 Parenteral Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanomedicines for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Sousa-Batista¹,

Rossi-Bergmann²

2018

Leishmaniases as Re-Emerging Diseases

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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania parasites, which cause a range of clinical manifestations in man. These are didactically classified into cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the most common form of the disease, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the life-threatening form. There are so far no vaccines approved for humans. Conventional drugs pose limitations ranging from low efficacy and high cost to systemic toxicity. Low efficacy derives in part from difficult drug access to the parasites, which rides themselves inside macrophage phagosomes. This prompts to high dosage, with consequent increased toxicity. Difficult intracellular drug access can be overcome with nanomedicines such as biocompatible lipid and polymeric nanoparticles that can be phagocytosed by the infected macrophages. Besides cell membranes, appropriate drug nanostructuring may allow tissue barrier penetration and drug administration through higher compliance routes such as skin and intestine, in contrast to the usual intravenous and intramuscular routes. In general, CL and VL are both treated with toxic systemic injections, disregard of disease severity. This chapter will review and discuss studies with nanomedicines that have reached the market such as liposomal amphotericin B for intravenous administration, and innovative preclinical studies aiming at developing effective cutaneous and oral drugs with focus on CL.

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Section: Systemic Therapies 21 Parenteral Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Topical drug treatment of CL normally involves administration of drugs in the form of ointments, creams or gels. These should be ideal for uncomplicated CL due to reduced hospital costs, since it can be auto-applied [44]. The most studied topical formulations are paromomycin creams and gels.…”

Section: Topical Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomedicines for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Sousa-Batista¹,

Rossi-Bergmann²

2018

Leishmaniases as Re-Emerging Diseases

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“…are associated with human pathogenicity. Leishmaniasis depends not only on the types of Leishmania sp., types of sandflies, and parasite genus but also number of bites, site of bites, and genetic potentiality [2]. Leishmaniasis occurs in three different clinical forms -cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lesions on face, nose, forehead, and lower limbs are the common symptoms of localized CL that usually heal naturally. On the other hand, nodules, lumps on the face, arms and legs are the symptoms of diffuse CL that never heal spontaneously [2]. In general, CL is known to affect the surface skin consisting mostly of ulcerated lesions, warty lesions or spots.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 75% of CL is reported from Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Islamic Republic of Iran, North Sudan, Peru, and the Syrian Arab Republic [3,4]. In contrary to CL, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is generally characterized by nasal obstruction and bleeding, disfiguration and generation of painful mucosal lesions, and cartilage of the mouth, ear and pharynx [2]. Particularly, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is known to affect mucous membranes of the nose, laryngeal and pharynx.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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DSFL database: A hub of target proteins of Leishmania sp. to combat leishmaniasis

Khusro¹,

Aarti²

2017

APJTD

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Itraconazole encapsulated PLGA‐nanoparticles covered with mannose as potential candidates against leishmaniasis

et al. 2018

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Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease threatening over 350 million people. Antimonials are first-line drugs due to resistance and side effects there is a demand for alternative chemotherapy. Itraconazole (ITZ) is an antimycotic. It was encapsulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) and covered with mannose. The NPs were 250 nm and -1.1 mV ± 0.7. PLGA-ITZ-mannose NPs presented a toxicity of 20.7% for J774 cells, and no toxicity for THP 1. The J774 cells were infected with three Leishmania promastigotes strains and treated with ITZ loaded PLGA NPs with/without mannose. The parasite percentage of L.(V.) panamensis intracellular amastigotes significantly (p < 0.01) decreased from 34.4% to 13.7% and 5.7% for PLGA-ITZ-mannose NPs and PLGA-ITZ NPs, respectively. For L.(L.) infantum there was a reduction (p < 0.001) from 18.1% to 4.8% and 8.3% for PLGA-ITZ-mannose NPs and PLGA-ITZ NPs, respectively. Further with L.(L.) braziliensis amastigotes there was a significant reduction (p < 0.001) from 54.9% to 28% and 21.1% for PLGA-ITZ-mannose NPs and PLGA-ITZ NPs, respectively. Adding mannose increased the efficacy PLGA-ITZ NPs against L.(L.) infantum, while it had no effect against L(V.) panamensis and L.(L.) braziliensis amastigotes. We recommend further investigation of PLGA-ITZ-mannose NPs in animal models to evaluate their potential. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 00B: 000-000, 2018.

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Therapeutic modalities to combat leishmaniasis, a review

Cited by 25 publications

References 41 publications

Nanomedicines for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Nanomedicines for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

DSFL database: A hub of target proteins of Leishmania sp. to combat leishmaniasis

Itraconazole encapsulated PLGA‐nanoparticles covered with mannose as potential candidates against leishmaniasis

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