Therapeutic enzymes: Discoveries, production and applications

Transition-Metal-Based Nanozymes: Synthesis, Mechanisms of Therapeutic Action, and Applications in Cancer Treatment

“…15−17 However, instability of activity and susceptibility to degradation of natural enzymes restrict their widespread utilization. 18,19 Consequently, nanomaterials exhibiting enzyme-like activity (nanozymes) have been developed as a stable and cost-effective alternative to natural enzymes. 20−22 These nanozymes exhibit superior, more adjustable, and enduring catalytic properties compared to their natural counterparts due to the diverse range of raw materials utilized and their nanoscale size among other factors.…”

“…Fortunately, enzymes exhibiting catalytic activities have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in augmenting O 2 generation and consumption of glutathione (GSH), thereby facilitating the reversal of TME. − However, instability of activity and susceptibility to degradation of natural enzymes restrict their widespread utilization. , Consequently, nanomaterials exhibiting enzyme-like activity (nanozymes) have been developed as a stable and cost-effective alternative to natural enzymes. − These nanozymes exhibit superior, more adjustable, and enduring catalytic properties compared to their natural counterparts due to the diverse range of raw materials utilized and their nanoscale size among other factors. , As a result, they hold immense promise for disease diagnosis and treatment applications including cancer. , Among particular interests are transition-metal-based nanozymes composed of metal elements from the D-zone of the periodic table. , Transition metals possess empty d or f orbitals which readily form coordination bonds with substrate molecules, leading to lower energy barriers in forming transition states during reactions. − This characteristic makes transition-metal-based nanozymes highly efficient at reducing activation energy throughout chemical reactions while accelerating them significantly. , Additionally, the lattice structure inherent in transition metals imparts outstanding electron transfer capability and photothermal conversion efficiency upon these nanozymes further augmenting therapeutic effects in RT, photothermal therapy (PTT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and other treatments. , Importantly, compared to other types of nanozymes, transition-metal-based ones can be easily modified through responsive or targeted approaches enabling tumor-site-specific enrichment that is highly advantageous for biomedical applications. − Therefore, research on transition-metal-based nanozymes is experiencing growth prospects.…”

Toward more sustainable enzyme reactions: enhancing kinetics by polydimethylacrylamide implementation

“…2,3 In the field of medicine, enzymes are vital in diagnostic tests, enabling rapid and sensitive detection and monitoring of diseases, as well as for therapeutic interventions, offering tailored and specific treatments for various diseases. 4,5 As the global community increasingly embraces sustainable practices, the optimization of enzymatic applications emerges as a way to further harness the potential of enzymes.…”

Nanozymes towards Personalized Diagnostics: A Recent Progress in Biosensing

“…Enzymes play the role of catalysts, speeding up the biochemical processes that take place in the biological molecules [ 12 ]. While proteins are typically thought of as enzymes, some RNA molecules have enzymatic activity, and both of them exhibit remarkable efficiency and substrate specificity.…”