Nanozymes towards Personalized Diagnostics: A Recent Progress in Biosensing

Abstract

This review highlights the recent advancements in the field of nanozymes and their applications in the development of point-of-care biosensors. The use of nanozymes as enzyme-mimicking components in biosensing systems has led to improved performance and miniaturization of these sensors. The unique properties of nanozymes, such as high stability, robustness, and surface tunability, make them an attractive alternative to traditional enzymes in biosensing applications. Researchers have explored a wide range of nanomaterials, including metals, metal oxides, and metal–organic frameworks, for the development of nanozyme-based biosensors. Different sensing strategies, such as colorimetric, fluorescent, electrochemical and SERS, have been implemented using nanozymes as signal-producing components. Despite the numerous advantages, there are also challenges associated with nanozyme-based biosensors, including stability and specificity, which need to be addressed for their wider applications. The future of nanozyme-based biosensors looks promising, with the potential to bring a paradigm shift in biomolecular sensing. The development of highly specific, multi-enzyme mimicking nanozymes could lead to the creation of highly sensitive and low-biofouling biosensors. Integration of nanozymes into point-of-care diagnostics promises to revolutionize healthcare by improving patient outcomes and reducing costs while enhancing the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic tools.

Immobilization of Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensors and Their Application to Food Bioprocess Monitoring

“…Since the discovery of the first nano enzymes (Fe 3 O 4 NPs) in 2007 [114], materials such as metals, metal oxides, carbon nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks, polymercoated nanoparticles, and nanocomposites have been used for the synthesis of NZs [79,115], and some of these materials have been shown to have multiple enzymatic activities at once. For example, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), simultaneously mimics the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, whereas metal nanoparticles (NPs) are considered to have significant potential for analyte determination due to their abundant redox sites [116]; metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising new materials due to their customizable pore sizes, functional groups, and biocompatibility, and are regarded as highly promising platforms in the study of enzyme-host material interactions [117].…”

“…Huang et al [118] suggested that NZs should be classified into two groups: oxidoreductases and hydrolases, and the family members of the oxidoreductase class have redox catalytic roles, which are usually used in biosensing applications, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), oxidative enzymes, peroxidases, and nitrate reductase [119][120][121]. Similar to phosphatases, proteases, nucleases, esterases, and silicate lyases, hydrolases catalyze the hydrolysis process [115].…”

“…In addition, several review papers have been related to the sensing applications of NZs, such as the research progress on NZs in food quality and safety detection [112], the NZs in integrated instant diagnostic biosensor development [115], and a comprehensive review paper on the application of NZs (single-atom enzyme) in the electrochemical monitoring of food safety and human health [124].…”

Light-gated specific oxidase-like activity of a self-assembled Pt(ii) nanozyme for environmental remediation

“…Nanozymes typically consist of catalytically active metal ions and often organic linkers, which contribute to their enzyme mimetic properties. Compared to natural enzymes, nanozymes exhibit superior catalytic performance, selectivity, and stability in various applications including point-of-care diagnostics, 7 biotechnology, 8 antibacterial agents, 9 and biofuel production. 10 Diverse natural enzyme-like catalytic activities have been achieved using nanozymes, such as peroxidase, 11,12 superoxide dismutase, 13,14 esterase, 15,16 oxidase, 17,18 catalase, 19,20 and halo-peroxidase.…”