Theranostic applications of nanoparticles in neurodegenerative disorders

Abstract

The preeminent treatments for neurodegenerative disease are often unavailable due to the poor accessibility of therapeutic drugs. Moreover, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) effectively blocks the transfer of cells, particles and large molecules, ie, drugs, across the brain. The most important challenge in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is the development of targeted drug delivery system. Theranostic strategies are known to combine therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities together. The aim of this review was to record the response to treatment and thereby improve drug safety. Nanotechnology offers a platform for designing and developing theranostic agents that can be used as an efficient nano-carrier system. This is achieved by the manipulation of some of the properties of nanoparticles (NPs), thereby enabling the attachment of suitable drugs onto their surface. The results provide revolutionary treatments by stimulation and thus interaction with targeted sites to promote physiological response with minimum side effects. This review is a brief discussion of the administration of drugs across the brain and the advantages of using NPs as an effective theranostic platform in the treatment of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, epilepsy and Huntington’s disease.

Molecular and Cellular Risk Assessment of Healthy Human Cells and Cancer Human Cells Exposed to Nanoparticles

“…Other studies have shown that nanoparticles may produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, resulting in oxidative stress, inflammatory events, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, multinuclear formation, and fibrosis [12,[14][15][16]. In the last few years some studies have shown that nanoparticles are capable to pass thru important biological barriers as: blood-brain barrier [17][18][19][20][21] and transplacental barrier [22][23][24]. All these data suggest that many aspects regarding the nanoparticles effects on humans body, especially in molecular and cellular level are still unrevealed, and must be evaluated [25,26].…”

Curcumin’s Nanomedicine Formulations for Therapeutic Application in Neurological Diseases

“…Recently, the design of nanocarriers with combined therapeutic, diagnostic and stimuli-responsive multi-functionalities (theranosticnanocarriers) has stimulated research efforts concerning the treatment of different disease including brain disease and AD [235,236]. Different strategies can be used to engineer the surface of the nanoparticles, including the use of biomarkers, ligands, proteins and genes.…”

Recent Advancements of Nanomedicine in Neurodegenerative Disorders Theranostics

“…[ 103 ] Oxidative damage and mitochondrial defects are both primary factors contributing to HD pathobiology, along with alterations in neurochemical pathways involving the DA, Adenosine and Glutamate Receptors. [ 109 ] Sandhir et al endeavored to target mitochondrial defects as a means for HD therapy where they used solid–lipid NPs conjugated with Curcumin to affect complex II activity. They also demonstrated 3‐nitropropionic acid mediated upregulation in levels of Nrf2 mRNA.…”