Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment.

Abstract

The theory of fluid and crystallired intelligence propounded 20 years ago by the author has since accumulated support. However, the crucial issue of whether 1 or 2 general factors subtend intellectual performances has lacked an experiment adequately designed for accurate, determinate, simple-structure rotation at the 2nd order. By factoring culturally embedded with culture-fair intelligence measures on a background of pure personality primaries (N = 277 7th and 8th grade boys and girls), it is shown that 2 general factors indeed exist. A review, with some mathematical formulations, is given of the theory's implications for the naturenurture ratio, brain injury, standard deviation of the IQ, growth curves, the concept of a relational difficulty hierarchy, test standardization, and the relative validities of traditional and culture-fair intelligence tests PRESENT TRENDS IN INTELLIGENCE CONCEPTS l 8 In the Universal Index (VI.) system proposed elsewhere (Cattell, 1957c; Cattell & Warburton, 1963), to preserve factor identification during changing explanatory development, U.I. (T) 1 was assigned to general ability and UJ. (T) 2 to flexibility of closure, in French's (1951) series. However, as pointed out elsewhere (Cattell, 1957a, p. 830), there is increasing evidence that flexibility of closure is really the Personality Factor UJ. (T) 19, outcropping in ability when ability tests only are used. Accordingly it preserves the historical importance of order in the index much better if the U J. (T) 2 niche-flexibility going to UJ. (T) 19-is now allocated to crystallized general ability, and flexibility removed to UJ. 19.

A Life-History Model of Human Fitness Indicators

“…Due to its nonverbal format, the APM is purported to be a culturally-fair, unbiased measure of fluid intelligence (Cattell, 1963), eductive ability (Raven et al, 1993), or, as we will refer to it, general intelligence (g; Spearman, 1927), and has shown itself to be especially useful in situations where English is not an individual's primary language. As such, the Standard and Advanced Progressive Matrices have been used extensively in many applied settings in the U.S. (e.g.…”

Komplexität modellieren

“…Die Deutung der beiden Varimax-Faktoren als Manifestationen einer ‚fluiden' (genetisch ursprünglichen) und ‚kristallinen' (durch Lerneinflüsse erweitert und verfestigt) erschien früheren Intelligenzforschern plausibel: IntelligenztestLeistungen sind je nach Testart auch abhängig vom vorausgehendem schulisch und kulturell geförderten Lernen. Cattell (1963), Horn (1976) und andere Autoren sind mit SSM-orientierten Faktorenanalysen auf schulisch-kulturelle Einflüsse schon oft gestoßen, wenn durch Faktoranalysen zweiter Ordnung eine höhere Ebene der konzeptuellen ‚Hierarchie' erreicht wurde. Selbst diejenigen Forscher, die mit herkömmlichen Analyseverfahren eine kristalline Intelligenz in ihren Daten nicht fanden (Johnson & Bouchard, 2005) (Jensen, 1998, p. 66 …”

Models and Paradigms in Personality and Intelligence Research

“…Level II abilities, however, require a large amount of mental manipulation. Marker tests of fluid intelligence (Gf--see Cattell, 1963Cattell, , 1971 are good examples of the latter. The usefulness of this distinction was debated with some proponents of the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence (Gf/Gc theory-- Horn & Cattell, 1982;Horn & Stankov, 1982;Jensen, 1982;Stankov, 1987a;Stankov, Horn, & Roy, 1980), described below.…”