Theory and Therapy: On the Conceptual Structure of Models in Medical Research

Carrier, Martin; Finzer, Patrick

doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9051-5_6

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Standardized controlled trials necessitate idealizations and, therefore, cannot account for important features of a concrete context and its specific complexity. Hence, hypotheses which have been well-confirmed in standardized controlled trials cannot be assumed to be valid in and applicable to a certain real-world context without further investigations into their relevance (see, e.g., Shrader-Frechette 1997; Cartwright and Munro 2010;Carrier and Finzer 2011).…”

Section: On Rationales For Cognitive Values In the Assessment Of… 325mentioning

confidence: 99%

On Rationales for Cognitive Values in the Assessment of Scientific Representations

Hadorn

2018

J Gen Philos Sci

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Cognitive values like simplicity, broad scope, and easy handling are properties of a scientific representation that result from the idealization which is involved in the construction of a representation. These properties may facilitate the application of epistemic values to credibility assessments, which provides a rationale for assigning an auxiliary function to cognitive values. In this paper, I defend a further rationale for cognitive values which consists in the assessment of the usefulness of a representation. Usefulness includes the relevance of a representation regarding the investigation of a given problem and its practicability for the users. This rationale builds on the claim that any evaluation of scientific representations should pursue two aims: providing information about their credibility and providing information about their usefulness. Cognitive values relating to the usefulness of a representation and epistemic values relating to its credibility both perform a first-order function. Cognitive values are abstract, and several values with firstorder functions may conflict in their application. Thus, in order for cognitive values to account for the sort of problem that is to be investigated by means of a representation, they need to be appropriately specified and weighed. Comprehensiveness, complexity, high resolution, and easy handling, for instance, may be required in a first-order function for model-based prediction of regional climate impacts but not for explaining how the global climate system works. Specifying and weighing cognitive and epistemic values relative to a given problem is a legitimate second-order function of social values.

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Section: On Rationales For Cognitive Values In the Assessment Of… 325mentioning

confidence: 99%

On Rationales for Cognitive Values in the Assessment of Scientific Representations

Hadorn

2018

J Gen Philos Sci

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“…DieWissenschaftsphi-losophenMartinCarrier undPatrick Finzer betonen,dassder beste Weg, dieser facetten-reichenE rfahrung zu begegnen,der ist, generelle Prinzipenz ur Anwendungz ub ringen undderen Unzulänglichkeiten mittelsempirischer Korrekturenzukompensieren. 42 Voraussetzung ista ber, dass zwischen generellenP rinzipienu nd notwendigene mpirischen Korrekturen differenziertwerdenkann.…”

Section: Das Experimentalsystem Lebtunclassified

“…Hier geht es nicht, wieoben,umtheoretischeKonzepte, die dieTherapiestützen,eineempirischeJustage,wie sievon Carrierund Finzer beschrieben wird. 71 Vielmehr zeigts ichh ierd as Experimentalsystem erneut instabil hinsichtlich der technischenBedingungen undnicht fähig, lokaleBesonderheiten zu integrieren.…”

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Die Neutronentherapie: Ein Experimentalsystem der Radioonkologie

Kohl

2017

Ber Wissenschaftsgesch

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NeutronT herapy:A nE xperimentalS ystemi nRadiooncology. The historyofthe useo fneutronsinradiotherapywillberevisited by focusing on theideas, theories andexperiments that ledtofirst clinical studies. Foraddressingepistemological questionsr egarding biological effectso ff astn eutrons, then otiono fa n" experimental system"i se mployed andi ts evolutiono vert imed iscussed.T aking up thea nalytical frameworko fH ans-Jçrg Rheinberger, biologicale ffects andt he physical instrument "cyclotron"a re conceptualized in termso fe pistemic andt echnical objects. It is shown that thee pistemic object "biological effectso fn eutrons" couldn ever reacht he status of atechnical object and-more strikingly -t hatthe cyclotronitselfreturnedtobeing an epistemico bject in thec ontext of medicine.S ot here is am isunderstandingo ft he differentr oles epistemica nd technicalo bjects have to play in thef ramework of an experimental system.T hism isunderstandingl ed to today'sh ighlyc ontroversial discussionsabout theapplication of neutrons in radiotherapy. Schlüsselwçrter: Neutronentherapie, Zyklotron, Lawrence Lab, HammersmithH ospital, epistemischesO bjekt,t echnisches Objekt,E xperimentalsystem, Differenzund Wiederholung 1Einleitung Als RobertS.S tone (1895 -1966) am 9. Juni 1947 in AtlantaCityimRahmendes 29. Annual Meetingofthe American RadiumSociety überseine Arbeiten zur Neutronentherapieberichtete, zeichneteerein eher düsteres Bild.Stone selbst waresgewesen,der das Neutronb ereits 1938, sechsJ ahre nach seiner Entdeckung,i nd er Strahlentherapief ür eine intensiveB ehandlungv on Krebspatienten einzusetzenb egonnenh atte.V on 1938 bis1 943 hattee ri mC rockerR adiation Laba nd er University of California,M edical School, in SanF rancisco 250P atienten mits chnellenN eutronen bestrahlt. 1 Erzeugt wurden diesemit Hilfedes von Ernest OrlandoLawrence(1901 -1958) 1930 konzipier-tenZ yklotrons.A ls Stone1 947 dieJ anewayM emorialL ecture hielt, waren bereits vier Jahrev ergangen,s eitd ie letztenB estrahlungen appliziert wurden.S tone konnte somit auch auferste Spätfolgen derBehandlungenrekurrieren -h ierzeigtesichdas Dilemma. T. Kohl,D r. phil.nat.M.A., Universitätz uL übeck,I nstitutf ürM edizingeschichte undW issenschaftsforschung( IMGWF),K çnigstraße 42,

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Epistemological and ethical aspects of time in scientific research

Jadreškić¹

2020

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Theory and Therapy: On the Conceptual Structure of Models in Medical Research

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

On Rationales for Cognitive Values in the Assessment of Scientific Representations

On Rationales for Cognitive Values in the Assessment of Scientific Representations

Die Neutronentherapie: Ein Experimentalsystem der Radioonkologie

Epistemological and ethical aspects of time in scientific research

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