Theories and methods in the scientific study of consciousness

Klink, P. Christiaan; Self, Matthew W.; Lamme, Victor A. F.; Roelfsema, Pieter

doi:10.1075/aicr.92.02kli

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…A central question in cognitive neuroscience is asking what the neural correlates or constituents of consciousness may be (Klink, Self, Lamme, & Roelfsema, 2015;Koch, Massimini, Boly, & Tononi, 2016;Mashour, Roelfsema, Changeux, & Dehaene, 2020;Miller, 2007). Recent empirical research suggests that various psychological processes, such as cognitive access, expectation, and the act of report, may confound our interpretation of these correlates (Aru, Bachmann, Singer, & Melloni, 2012;Frässle, Sommer, Jansen, Naber, & Einhäuser, 2014;Tse, Martinez-Conde, Schlegel, & Macknik, 2005;Tsuchiya, Wilke, Frässle, & Lamme, 2015;van Boxtel & Tsuchiya, 2014;van Boxtel, Tsuchiya, & Koch, 2010a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A central question in cognitive neuroscience is asking what the neural correlates or constituents of consciousness may be ( Klink et al, 2015 ; Koch et al, 2016 ; Mashour et al, 2020 ; Miller, 2007 ). Recent empirical research suggests that various psychological processes, such as cognitive access, expectation, and the act of report, may confound our interpretation of these correlates ( Aru et al, 2012 ; Frässle et al, 2014 ; Tse et al, 2005 ; Tsuchiya et al, 2015 ; van Boxtel and Tsuchiya, 2015 ; van Boxtel et al, 2010a ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The SSVEP tracks attention, not consciousness, during perceptual filling-in

Davidson

Mithen

Hogendoorn

et al. 2020

eLife

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Research on the neural basis of conscious perception has almost exclusively shown that becoming aware of a stimulus leads to increased neural responses. By designing a novel form of perceptual filling-in (PFI) overlaid with a dynamic texture display, we frequency-tagged multiple disappearing targets as well as their surroundings. We show that in a PFI paradigm, the disappearance of a stimulus and subjective invisibility is associated with increases in neural activity, as measured with steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs), in electroencephalography (EEG). We also find that this increase correlates with alpha-band activity, a well-established neural measure of attention. These findings cast doubt on the direct relationship previously reported between the strength of neural activity and conscious perception, at least when measured with current tools, such as the SSVEP. Instead, we conclude that SSVEP strength more closely measures changes in attention.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The SSVEP tracks attention, not consciousness, during perceptual filling-in

Davidson

Mithen

Hogendoorn

et al. 2020

eLife

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“…Feedforward sweep refers to the earliest activation of cells in successive areas of the cortical hierarchy. Recurrent processing involves an interaction between higher- and lower-level brain areas that enables information to be broadcasted across the brain and maintained across time ( Klink et al, 2015 ; Lamme, 2006 ). Van Gaal and colleagues proposed that the early feedforward sweep may remain unconscious, whereas recurrent processing triggers awareness of a stimulus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconscious response inhibition differences between table tennis athletes and non-athletes

You

et al. 2018

PeerJ

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BackgroundResponse inhibition is associated with successful sporting performance. However, research on response inhibition in athletes from open-skill sports has mainly focused on a consciously triggered variety; little is known about open-skill athletes’ response inhibition elicited by unconscious stimuli.MethodsHere, we explored unconscious response inhibition differences between table tennis athletes (n = 20) and non-athletes (n = 19) using the masked go/no-go task and event-related potentials technique (ERPs).ResultsAt the behavioral level, table tennis athletes displayed shorter go-response times (RTs) than non-athletes in the conscious condition. Furthermore, table tennis athletes exhibited longer response time–slowing (RT-slowing) than non-athletes in the unconscious condition. At the neural level, table tennis athletes displayed shorter event-related potential N2 component latencies than non-athletes for all conditions. More importantly, athletes displayed larger no-go event-related potential P3 component amplitudes than non-athletes at both the conscious and unconscious levels.DiscussionThe present study results suggested that table tennis athletes have superior conscious and unconscious response inhibition compared to non-athletes.

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“…In the field, several theories of consciousness have been proposed ( Klink et al. 2015 ; Doerig et al.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An academic survey on theoretical foundations, common assumptions and the current state of consciousness science

Francken

Beerendonk

Molenaar

et al. 2022

Neuroscience of Consciousness

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We report the results of an academic survey into the theoretical and methodological foundations, common assumptions, and the current state of the field of consciousness research. The survey consisted of 22 questions and was distributed on two different occasions of the annual meeting of the Association of the Scientific Study of Consciousness (2018 and 2019). We examined responses from 166 consciousness researchers with different backgrounds (e.g. philosophy, neuroscience, psychology, and computer science) and at various stages of their careers (e.g. junior/senior faculty and graduate/undergraduate students). The results reveal that there remains considerable discussion and debate between the surveyed researchers about the definition of consciousness and the way it should be studied. To highlight a few observations, a majority of respondents believe that machines could have consciousness, that consciousness is a gradual phenomenon in the animal kingdom, and that unconscious processing is extensive, encompassing both low-level and high-level cognitive functions. Further, we show which theories of consciousness are currently considered most promising by respondents and how supposedly different theories cluster together, which dependent measures are considered best to index the presence or absence of consciousness, and which neural measures are thought to be the most likely signatures of consciousness. These findings provide us with a snapshot of the current views of researchers in the field and may therefore help prioritize research and theoretical approaches to foster progress.

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Theories and methods in the scientific study of consciousness

Cited by 7 publications

References 152 publications

The SSVEP tracks attention, not consciousness, during perceptual filling-in

The SSVEP tracks attention, not consciousness, during perceptual filling-in

Unconscious response inhibition differences between table tennis athletes and non-athletes

An academic survey on theoretical foundations, common assumptions and the current state of consciousness science

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