A series of theoretical methods,
including density functional theory,
multiconfiguration molecular orbital theory, and ab initio valence
bond theory, are devoted to understanding the metal–ligand
bonds in M–BP (BP = biphenyl; M = Sc, Y, or La) complexes.
Different from most transition metal–BP complexes, the most
stable metal–biphenyl conformers are not half-sandwich but
clamshell. Energy decomposition analysis results reveal that the M–BP
bonds in the clamshell conformers possess extra-large orbital relaxation.
According to the wave function analysis, 2-fold donations and 2-fold
back-donations exist in the clamshell M–BP bonds. The back-donations
from M to BP are quite strong, while donations from BP to M are quite
weak. Our work improves our understanding of the metal–ligand
bonds, which can be considered as the “reversed” Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson
model.