“…From the perspective of theoretical calculation, the stability of the doped structure can be preliminarily judged by substituting the energy of atoms and various structures into the formation energy formula. Here we conduct theoretical simulations according to the methods mentioned in the references: 52,53 E (form) = E D n @Sb − ( E d n + nE D ) ( n = 1, 2, 3, and 4)where the E D n @Sb and E d n are the total energy of the β-Sb monolayer doped with D atoms and D-deficient β-Sb monolayer, respectively. The E D is the energy of a single D atom (D = N, P, As, O, S, Se, and Te), which can be obtained from the corresponding most stable phase of the unit cell or gas molecule.…”